Efficiency of SNP and SSR-based analysis of genetic diversity,population structure,and relationships among cowpea (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vigna unguiculata</Emphasis> (L.) Walp.) germplasm from East Africa and IITA inbred lines

The extent of genetic diversity and relatedness of cowpea germplasm from East Africa are poorly understood. A set of 13 microsatellites (SSR) and 151 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) markers were applied to assess the levels of genetic diversity in a sample of 95 accessions of local cowpea germplasm and inbred lines of Vigna unguiculata. The average genetic diversity (D), as quantified by the expected heterozygosity, was higher for SSR loci (0.52) than for SNPs (0.34). The polymorphic information content was 0.48 for SSR and 0.28 for SNP while the fixation index was 0.095 for SSR and 0.15 for SNPs showing moderate differentiation and high gene flow among cowpea accessions from East African countries. The results of data analysis of both SSR and SNP markers showed similar clustering patterns suggesting a substantial degree of association between origin and genotype. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) with SSR and SNP markers showed that accessions were grouped into two and three broad groups across the first two axes, respectively. Our study found that SNP markers were more effective than SSR in determining the genetic relationship among East African local cowpea accessions and IITA inbred lines. Based on this analysis, five local cowpea accessions Tvu-13490, Tvu-6378, Tvu-13448, Tvu-16073, and 2305675 were identified to be tightly clustered sharing several common alleles with the drought tolerant variety Danila when analyzed with SSR and SNP markers. The findings will assist and contribute to future genetic diversity studies aimed at the genetic improvement of local Eastern Africa cowpea accessions for improved overall agronomic performance in general and breeding for drought tolerant in particular.     

Characterization of Glucose Response Curves after Insulin Injection in Sensitive versus Insensitive Mares

The glucose responses to intravenous injections of a range of doses of recombinant human insulin were determined for six mares known to be insulin sensitive and six mares known to be insulin insensitive, with the goal of better characterizing the regression lines resulting from the two categories of mares. Insulin doses between 8 and 198 mU of insulin per kg of body weight (mU/kg BW) were administered intravenously between September 13 and 26, 2010, starting with 50 mU/kg BW on the first day. Higher and lower doses were administered on alternate days to obtain percentages of decreases in blood glucose concentrations between 10% and 70%. Linear regression analysis revealed that insulin-insensitive mares have glucose response curves with higher y intercepts (P = .066), less steep slopes (P = .0003), and less goodness of fit (P = .053) in addition to the expected greater dose required to produce a 50% reduction in blood glucose concentrations (ED50; P = .006), despite the similarities between their body weights and those of insulin-sensitive mares. Linear and nonlinear regression of responses to the 32, 50, and 79 mU/kg BW insulin doses with the overall estimates of ED50 and the natural log of ED50 indicated that the 50 mU/kg BW dose had the greatest coefficient of determination (>0.95). Generally, it appears that estimates of insulin sensitivity based on a single injection of insulin or on multiple injections of insulin are least variable for insulin-sensitive mares.     

亚洲地区饲料中霉菌毒素危害的真实情况

霉菌毒素是动物饲料中具有危害性的成分,它们可导致畜禽多种难以判断的综合病症.霉菌毒素通常导致动物的生产性能下降,免疫机能抑制,导致动物患病,进而通过动物的肉、奶、内脏进入人类的食品链中,危害人类的健康.对这些易受环境和气候影响的天然毒素进行常规地检查和实时监控是非常有必要的.这将有助于饲料生产企业做好控制动物体内霉菌毒素潜在问题的准备,饲料生产企业或通过选择使用正确有效的霉菌毒素吸附剂,添加到饲料中以吸附饲料中的霉菌毒素;或避免购买和使用来自问题地区的霉变饲料原料.     

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亚洲地区饲料和畜禽养殖业霉菌毒素危害的真实状况

霉菌毒素是动物饲料中具有危害性的成分，可导致畜禽多种难以判断的综合病征。霉菌毒素通常可导致动物的生产性能下降，免疫机能抑制，并通过动物的肉、奶、内脏进入食品链中，危害人类的健康。对这些易受环境和气候影响的天然毒素进行常规检查和实时监控非常有必要，有助于饲料生产企业做好控制动物体内霉菌毒素潜在问题的准备。