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1.
Casein hydrolyzate intramammary treatment improves the comfort behavior of cows induced into dry-off
Gabriel Leitner Shamay Jacoby Ephraim Maltz Nissim Silanikove 《Livestock Science》2007,110(3):292-297
The effectiveness of casein hydrolyzate as mean to improve the welfare of cows induced into involution was tested in high yielding cows induced into dry-off by abrupt cessation of milking. Treatment with casein hydrolysate prevented build up of udder pressure in cows induced into dry off and was clearly associated with signs (lying behavior and step numbers) that they were calmer and more comfortable than cows induced into dry off by the conventional means. We conclude that treatment with casein hydrolyzate is a viable treatment tool that can prevent the suffering associated with drying-off of high-yielding modern dairy cows. 相似文献
2.
Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of a commercial cultivar and wild populations of Anemone coronaria
Yonash Nissim Fang Jinggui Shamay Arik Pollak Neta Lavi Uri Cohen Avner 《Euphytica》2004,136(1):51-62
Seven wild populations of Anemonecoronaria were assessed for 11 phenotypic traits, most of them having economic value for the flower industry. The wild populations
were sampled to represent the diversity in habitats, climates, rock and soil types, terrains, and elevations in Israel. AFLP
analysis was carried out on 12 individuals from each of six out of the seven wild populations and for six individuals from
the commercial cultivar ‘Mona-Lisa’. It was found that the Dorot population, which is located in the area bordering the semi-arid
zone at the very end of the species distribution, exhibits extreme and different phenotypes with relatively low variability
compared withthe other wild populations. The other six wild populations, that grow in more favorable geographic and climatic
conditions exhibit phenotypes with larger plants, larger numbers of flowers and less dissected leaves. These populations were
less uniform than that of Dorot. Genetic characterization by AFLP markers revealed a total of 165 bands. The wild populations
exhibit wide variation within-population, with about 80% polymorphic bands and average gene diversity between pairs of about
30%. The Dorot population has the lowest genetic variation and the Megido population the highest. Thus, the phenotypic variation
reflects the genetic variation. The cultivar ‘Mona-Lisa’, as expected, has much lower genetic variation. The Dorot population
and the ‘Mona-Lisa’ cultivar were found to have the largest genetic distances from the other wild populations, and the highest
genetic variation between themselves. Phenetic analysis yielded a dendrogram describing the genetic relatedness of these populations.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Leitner G Merin U Krifucks O Blum S Rivas AL Silanikove N 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》2012,147(3-4):202-210
The effects of mammary gland bacterial infection and stage of lactation on leukocyte infiltration into the mammary gland were compared among cows, goats and sheep. Animals were at two stages of lactation: mid or late. In mid-lactation animals, bacterial-free glands and coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CNS)-infected glands were compared. In late lactation only uninfected glands were studied. Of mid-lactation bacteria-free animals, goats had the highest number of leukocytes and % polymorphonuclears (PMNs), whereas sheep had the lowest and leukocytes number in cows were intermediate between sheep and goats. Based on %PMN, two cell clusters were found in sheep, which overlapped with the parallel cell clusters of cows and goats, but with a slightly higher number of leukocytes in each cell cluster. At late lactation, goats had higher values for %PMN and leukocyte numbers in comparison to cows, which had a similar cellular profile to sheep. The cellular immune response to CNS infection was similar for the three animal species, although the number of cells was different, while the basal cell level at mid-lactation and especially at the end of lactation was species specific. 相似文献
4.
Four lipophilic food volatile molecules of different chemical characteristics, phenylacetaldehyde, 2,6-dimethyl-5-heptenal, linalool, and trans-4-decenal, were solubilized into binary mixtures of monoolein/water, facilitating the formation of reverse hexagonal (H(II)) mesophases at room temperature without the need of solvents or triglycerides. Some of the flavor compounds are important building blocks of the hexagonal mesostructure, preventing phase transition with aging. The solubilization loads were relatively high: 12.6, 10.0, 12.6, and 10.0 wt % for phenylacetaldehyde, 2,6-dimethyl-5-heptenal, linalool, and trans-4-decenal, respectively. Phenylacetaldehyde formed mixtures of lamellar and cubic phases. Linalool, 2,6-dimethyl-5-heptenal, and trans-4-decenal induced structural shift from lamellar directly to H(II) mesophase, remaining stable at room temperature. Lattice parameters were found to increase with water content and to decrease with temperature and/or food volatile content. trans-4-Decenal produces more stable H(II) mesophase compared to linalool-loaded mesophase. At 40-60 °C, depending on the chemical structure and on the solubilization location of the food volatile compounds, the H(II) mesophase transforms to isotropic micellar phase, facilitating the release of the food volatile compounds. Molecular interactions suggest the existence of two consecutive stages in the solubilization process. 相似文献
5.
Spernath A Yaghmur A Aserin A Hoffman RE Garti N 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(23):6917-6922
Water-dilutable food-grade microemulsions consisting of ethoxylated sorbitan esters, and in some cases blended with other emulsifiers, water, (R)-(+)-limonene, ethanol, and propylene glycol, have been prepared. These microemulsions are of growing interest to the food industry as vehicles for delivering and enhancing solubilization of natural food supplements with nutritional and health benefits. Lycopene, an active natural lipophilic antioxidant from tomato, has solubilized in water-in-oil, bicontinuous, and oil-in-water types of microemulsions up to 10 times the oil [(R)-(+)-limonene] dissolution capacity. The effects of aqueous-phase dilution, nature of surfactant (hydrophilic-lypophilic balance), and mixed surfactant on solubilization capacity and solubilization efficiency were studied. Structural aspects studied by self-diffusion NMR were correlated to the solubilization capacity, and transformational structural changes were identified. 相似文献
6.
Zalmen Henkin Avi Perevolotsky Arik Rosenfeld Arieh Brosh Fred Provenza Nissim Silanikove 《Livestock Science》2009,126(1-3):245-251
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of polyethylene glycol (PEG) supplementation on grazing behaviour of beef cattle and on utilization of the woody components of a Mediterranean shrubland. Two experiments were conducted on two different sites in Northern Israel, Ramat Hanadiv (RH) and Hatal. On each site, the study area was divided into two paddocks, in one cattle were supplemented with 50 g PEG day− 1 per cow, while the other served as a control, with no PEG supplementation. In RH site the cows had free access to Prolix and in Hatal to poultry litter, both serving as a nitrogen supplement during the experiment. In the RH site, the consumption of Pistacia lentiscus, a shrub whose leaves contain high concentration of tannins, was found higher (P = 0.001) in the PEG group diet than in the control group. In Hatal site PEG increased foraging time by 18%, daily foraging distance by 15% and reduced the use of supplementary feed (poultry litter) by 20%. However, PEG did not affect the average cow body weight or water consumption on either site. It is concluded that PEG influences grazing behaviour of beef cattle on shrubby rangeland and increases the use of woody species with high tannin concentrations. 相似文献
7.
Determination of poly(ethylene glycol)-binding to browse foliage, as an assay of tannin, by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Landau S Dvash L Decandia M Cabiddu A Shapiro F Molle G Silanikove N 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(3):638-642
Nutritionists are interested in functional assays of tannins that do not require time-consuming and expensive extraction, such as the (14)C-labeled poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-binding (PEG-b) assay. This paper reports the application of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to determine the percentage of PEG binding, in place of the (14)C-labeled PEG-b assay of tannin, in Mediterranean woodland vegetation. Calibration was done with 53 samples from 14 species and was validated on 25 samples from 10 species. PEG-b ranged between 1.4 and 20.7% in the samples. The calibration obtained by using the modified partial least-squares (MPLS) method, with all wavelengths in the 1100-2500 nm range combined, and the validation were reasonably linear (R (2) = 0.96 and 0.91, respectively). The accuracies, estimated from the standard errors of cross-validation and prediction, were +/-1.6 and +/-1.7% PEG-b, respectively. The NIRS-aided procedure proposed here can serve as an accurate, inexpensive, time-saving, and environment-friendly functional assay of tannin in Mediterranean browse. 相似文献
8.
Furfural-cysteine model reaction in food grade nonionic oil/water microemulsions for selective flavor formation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The thermal reaction between cysteine and furfural was investigated at 65 degrees C in five-component food grade oil/water (O/W) microemulsions of R-(+)-limonene/ethanol, EtOH/water/propylene glycol, PG/Tween 60 as apart of a systematic study on the generation of aroma compounds by utilizing structured W/O and O/W fluids. The furfural-cysteine reaction led to the formation of unique aroma compounds such as 2-furfurylthiol (FFT), 2-(2-furanyl)thiazolidine (main reaction product), 2-(2-furanyl)thiazoline, and N-(2-mercaptovinyl)-2-(2-furanyl)thiazolidine. These products were determined and characterized by GC-MS. Enhancement in flavor formation is termed "microemulsion catalysis". The chemical reaction occurs preferably at the interfacial film, and therefore a pseudophase model was assumed to explain the enhanced flavor formation. The product internal composition is dictated by process conditions such as temperature, time, pH, and mainly the nature of the interface. Increasing water/PG ratio leads to a dramatic increase in the initial reaction rate (V(0)). V(0) increased linearly as a function of the aqueous phase content, which could be due to the increase in the interfacial concentration of furfural. Microemulsions offer a new reaction medium to produce selective aroma compounds and to optimize their formation. 相似文献
9.
Daley GQ Ahrlund Richter L Auerbach JM Benvenisty N Charo RA Chen G Deng HK Goldstein LS Hudson KL Hyun I Junn SC Love J Lee EH McLaren A Mummery CL Nakatsuji N Racowsky C Rooke H Rossant J Schöler HR Solbakk JH Taylor P Trounson AO Weissman IL Wilmut I Yu J Zoloth L 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5812):603-604
10.
Self-regulation of intake of polyethylene glycol by sheep fed diets varying in tannin concentrations 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Tannins occur in many plant species, and they often suppress intake by reducing nutrient availability or by causing malaise. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) binds to tannins and may thereby increase the availability of macronutrients and decrease malaise. Supplemental PEG increases intake of tannin-containing plants by sheep, goats, and cattle. Given the strong response to supplemental PEG, we speculated that animals might self-regulate their intake of PEG when offered foods high in tannins. The objective of the first experiment was to determine if the amount of supplemental PEG (0, 25, 50, 75, or 100 g; molecular weight, 3,350) affected intake by lambs of a food (milo-tannin mix) containing 20% quebracho tannin. There was a linear relationship (Y = 272 + 1.2X; R2 = .86; P = .023) between the amount of supplemental PEG ingested and the subsequent intake of milo-tannin food by lambs. The objective of the second experiment was to determine whether lambs self-regulated intake of PEG when fed a ration that contained 0, 5, 10, 15, or 20% quebracho tannin and whether they adjusted their intake of PEG when tannin was removed from the diet. There was a positive relationship between the amount of PEG ingested and intake of food and tannin (P = .0001). Lambs fed high-tannin diets ate more PEG than controls (P = .03). Lambs fed the 20% tannin diet ate the most PEG, and controls ate the least PEG. Tannin limited intake of the diets, but PEG attenuated the response to a great degree (P = .065). Immediately after tannin was removed from the ration, lambs that formerly had been fed the 20% tannin ration ate more PEG than lambs fed the other rations (P = .0075). Ten of the lambs (5 from the 20% tannin group, 1 from the 15% tannin, and 2 each from the 10 and 5% groups) continued to eat PEG for 7 d after tannin was removed from their ration. When they were tested again 6 wk after the trial and offered tannin-free diets, their intake of PEG had decreased. 相似文献