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Charles P. Woloshuk Hugh D. Sisler Maria Chrysayi Tokousbalides Samson R. Dutky 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1980,14(3):256-264
Tricyclazole (5-methyl-1,2,4-triazolo[3,4-b]benzothiazole) inhibits melanin synthesis in Pyricularia oryzae at concentrations less than 0.01 μg/ml. The primary site of inhibition in the biosynthetic pathway occurs between scytalone and vermelone. Accumulation of several metabolites derived from melanin precursors along branch pathways is associated with inhibition of melanin biosynthesis. At low tricyclazole concentrations (0.01–1 μg/ml), predominant accumulation of 2-hydroxyjuglone and 3,4-dihydro-3,4,8-trihydroxy-1-(2H)-naphthalenone (3,4,8-DTN) occurs as a result of the primary block between 1,3,8-trihydroxynaphthalene and vermelone. As the concentration of tricyclazole is increased from 1 to 10 μg/ml, flaviolin accumulation is markedly enhanced, whereas that of 3,4,8-DTN and 3,4-dihydro-4,8-dihydroxy-1-(2H)-naphthalenone is depressed, indicating possible secondary sites of inhibition in the main and branch pathways. Five melanin-deficient mutants of P. oryzae that phenotypically resemble the tricyclazole-treated wild-type strain were nonpathogenic or rarely infected two rice varieties. Three of the mutants studied were genetically defective in the melanin biosynthetic pathway at the site blocked by tricyclazole in the wild type. The wild-type strain converted both scytalone and vermelone to melanin; whereas the three mutants and the tricyclazole-treated wild type converted only vermelone to melanin. The data suggest a relationship between melanin biosynthesis and pathogenicity in P. oryzae. 相似文献
4.
Fortes Maira Salomão Lopes-Mori Fabiana Maria Ruiz Caldart Eloiza Teles Constantino Caroline Evers Fernanda Pagliari Sthefany de Almeida Jonatas Campos Barros Luiz Daniel Freire Roberta Lemos Garcia João Luis Headley Selwyn Arlington Navarro Italmar Teodorico 《Tropical animal health and production》2018,50(2):413-419
Tropical Animal Health and Production - This study investigated the prevalence of caprine toxoplasmosis in goat herds from Southern Brazil by the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), and... 相似文献
5.
Eckhard Koch Annegret Schmitt Dietrich Stephan Carola Kromphardt Marga Jahn Hermann-Josef Krauthausen Gustaf Forsberg Sigrid Werner Tahsein Amein Sandra A. I. Wright Federico Tinivella Maria L. Gullino Steven J. Roberts Jan van der Wolf Steven P. C. Groot 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2010,127(1):99-112
The current study was initiated to evaluate the efficacy of physical methods (hot water, aerated steam, electron treatment) and agents of natural origin (resistance inducers, plant derived products, micro-organisms) as seed treatments of carrots for control of Alternaria dauci and A. radicina. Control of both Alternaria species by seed treatment with the resistance inducers was generally poor. Results were also not satisfactory with most of the formulated commercial micro-organism preparations. Based on the average of five field trials, one of these, BA 2552 (Pseudomonas chlororaphis), provided a low but significant increase in plant stand. Among the experimental micro-organisms, the best results were obtained with Pseudomonas sp. strain MF 416 and Clonostachys rosea strain IK726. A similar level of efficacy was provided by seed treatment with an emulsion (1%) of thyme oil in water. Good and consistent control was generally achieved with the physical methods aerated steam, hot water and electron treatment. Aerated steam treatment was, apart from the thiram-containing chemical standard, the best single treatment, and its performance may at least partially be due to extensive pre-testing, resulting in dosages optimally adapted to the respective seed lot. In some of the experiments the effect of the hot water treatment, which was tested at a fixed, not specifically adapted dosage, was significantly improved when combined with a Pseudomonas sp. MF 416 or C. rosea IK726 treatment. The results are discussed in relation to the outcome of experiments in which the same seed treatment methods and agents were tested in other seed-borne vegetable pathosystems. 相似文献
6.
The search for new sources of antimicrobial compounds has become an urgent need, due to the threat that the spread of bacterial resistance represents for global health and food safety. Brown macroalgae have been proposed as a great reservoir in the search for novel antimicrobial compounds. In this study, mid-polarity extracts were performed with a selection of 20 brown macroalgae species from northern Spain. The total polyphenol, carbohydrate and protein contents were quantified by spectrophotometry. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of whole macroalgae were also studied as a biomarker of their metabolic state in the representative species of the tested families by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial potential of the extracts was assessed by a disk diffusion assay against 20 target bacteria and further determinations of the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were performed by a microdilution assay for the active extracts. Ericaria selaginoides, Bifurcaria bifurcata and Dictyota dichotoma showed an antimicrobial effect against six Gram-positive strains: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. The phenolic content was generally higher in the extracts that showed antimicrobial activity, followed by carbohydrates and low contents of proteins. The results obtained in this study reveal the potential of brown macroalgae as a promising alternative source of antimicrobial compounds as functional ingredients for the application in industrial fields. 相似文献
7.
Nadezhda E. Ustyuzhanina Maria I. Bilan Andrey S. Dmitrenok Eugenia A. Tsvetkova Sofya P. Nikogosova Cao Thi Thuy Hang Pham Duc Thinh Dinh Thanh Trung Tran Thi Thanh Van Alexander S. Shashkov Anatolii I. Usov Nikolay E. Nifantiev 《Marine drugs》2022,20(6)
Fucosylated chondroitin sulfates (FCSs) FCS-BA and FCS-HS, as well as fucan sulfates (FSs) FS-BA-AT and FS-HS-AT were isolated from the sea cucumbers Bohadschia argus and Holothuria (Theelothuria) spinifera, respectively. Purification of the polysaccharides was carried out by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephacel column. Structural characterization of polysaccharides was performed in terms of monosaccharide and sulfate content, as well as using a series of non-destructive NMR spectroscopic methods. Both FCSs were shown to contain a chondroitin core [→3)-β-d-GalNAc-(1→4)-β-d-GlcA-(1→]n bearing sulfated fucosyl branches at O-3 of every GlcA residue in the chain. These fucosyl residues were different in pattern of sulfation: FCS-BA contained Fuc2S4S, Fuc3S4S and Fuc4S at a ratio of 1:8:2, while FCS-HS contained these residues at a ratio of 2:2:1. Polysaccharides differed also in content of GalNAc4S6S and GalNAc4S units, the ratios being 14:1 for FCS-BA and 4:1 for FCS-HS. Both FCSs demonstrated significant anticoagulant activity in clotting time assay and potentiated inhibition of thrombin, but not of factor Xa. FS-BA-AT was shown to be a regular linear polymer of 4-linked α-L-fucopyranose 3-sulfate, the structure being confirmed by NMR spectra of desulfated polysaccharide. In spite of considerable sulfate content, FS-BA-AT was practically devoid of anticoagulant activity. FS-HS-AT cannot be purified completely from contamination of some FCS. Its structure was tentatively represented as a mixture of chains identical with FS-BA-AT and other chains built up of randomly sulfated alternating 4- and 3-linked α-L-fucopyranose residues. 相似文献
8.
Carbon assimilation and allocation were studied in a tundra ecosystem in northern Scandinavia. Seasonal variation in the below-ground carbon allocation to dissolved organic carbon (DOC), coarse-, fine-, and hair roots was investigated using in situ 14C pulse-labelling, adding 2-3 MBq 14CO2 dm−2 to the above-ground vegetation. Combining the allocation data with regression models of the seasonal carbon flux made it possible to estimate a temporally explicit ecosystem carbon allocation budget.The ecosystem was a net source of CO2, losing on average 0.97 g C m−2 d−1 to the atmosphere, with little variation through the season. There was, however, significant temporal variation in partitioning of recently assimilated carbon. Allocation to below-ground compartments over 32 days following labelling increased from 18% in June to 55% in September. Above-ground allocation showed the opposite trend. Hair roots and DOC were strong sinks in the autumn. Transport of newly assimilated carbon occurred rapidly throughout the season, 14C appearing in all sampled pools within 4 h of labelling.The seasonal variation in carbon partitioning observed in this study has implications for the residence time of assimilated carbon in the ecosystem. A relatively greater allocation to rapidly decomposing pools, such as hair roots and DOC, would tend to reduce incorporation into woody tissue, increasing the overall rate of carbon cycling and decreasing ecosystem storage. The results of this study will be of value for building and validating mechanistic models of ecosystem carbon flow in tundra and subarctic ecosystems. 相似文献
9.
Brouns F Arrigoni E Langkilde AM Verkooijen I Fässler C Andersson H Kettlitz B van Nieuwenhoven M Philipsson H Amado R 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(4):1574-1581
There is a growing interest in highly fermentable dietary fibers having the potential to reduce risks of disease through the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). Recently a digestion-resistant retrograded maltodextrin (RRM), classified as type 3 resistant starch was developed. Systematic work to determine its molecular and physiological properties was carried out to determine (1) the fraction resistant to digestion in vitro and in vivo, (2) its postconsumption effect on blood glucose in healthy volunteers, and (3) its in vitro fermentation pattern, at different ages, by use of pooled fresh human fecal inoculum. RESULTS: The digestion resistant fraction obtained in vivo from ileostomy patients (59.4%) is similar to that obtained by the AOAC method for measuring retrograded resistant starch (59.7%). The relative glycemic response after consumption of 50 g of RRM was 58.5% compared to glucose set as 100%. When exposed to colonic microbiota, in vitro obtained indigestible fractions behave similarly to those obtained in vivo in ileostomy patients. Fermentation of RRM and production of butyric acid is negligible during the first months of life but develops subsequently during weaning. In adults, RRM fermentation results in a high yield of SCFA, with butyrate representing 21-31 mol % of total SCFA. The high yield of SCFA during colonic fermentation, observed from weaning age on, as well as the potential to help reduce glycemic load may be of benefit to a number of health-related functions in the host. Further study on clear clinical end points is warranted. 相似文献
10.
Do Carmo Barbosa Mendes De Vasconcelos M Bennett RN Rosa EA Ferreira Cardoso JV 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(9):3508-3516
Chestnut (Castanea sativa) is an important basic food in rural diets and a major starch crop used in a similar way to potatoes. Chestnuts are a fundamental economic resource in the "chestnut regions" not only for the fruit but also for the chestnut wood. Chestnuts have become increasingly important with respect to human health, for example, as an alternative gluten-free flour source. Chestnuts are also a rich source of other beneficial compounds, but there have been few studies on the composition during processing. In this study, we analyzed the chemical composition of three Portuguese cultivars at different stages of industrial processing. The chestnut cultivars were Longal, Judia, and Martaínha. All three cultivars had high moisture contents but were low in ash, crude fat, and crude protein contents, with high starch and low fiber contents. The free amino acid contents, including various essential amino acids, varied depending on the cultivar. All three cultivars also had a significant content of polyphenolics with gallic acid; ellagic acid was predominant among hydrolyzable and condensed tannins. Many of these compounds are known to exert significant positive effects on human health. The one-way analysis of variance for fresh chestnut shows significant differences among the three cultivars for most of the studied parameters. The same statistical analysis applied to each one of the two cultivars (Judia and Longal) sampled for the four processing steps analyzed indicates a significant effect of this factor in practically all of the constituents. On the other hand, the two-way analysis of variance shows that, besides the residual, the processing step and the interaction cultivar x processing step were the factors that more contributed for the total variation observed in the constituents analyzed, while the contribution of cultivar was much less significant. 相似文献