An evaluation of an oral formulation of moxidectin against selected anthelmintic-resistant and -susceptible strains of nematodes in lambs

The efficacy of an oral formulation of the newly developed parasiticide, moxidectin, was tested against benzimidazole-resistant Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, and Nematodirus spathiger, levamisole-resistant Ostertagia circumcincta, and susceptible Cooperia curticei infections in weaned lambs. Thirty-two lambs were experimentally infected with mixed doses of the above strains of nematodes. They were allocated into four treatment groups by stratified randomisation using liveweights and faecal egg counts 28 days later. One group received moxidectin at 0.2 mg/kg liveweight, one group oxfendazole at 4.5 mg/kg liveweight, one group levamisole at 7.5 mg/kg liveweight and the last group remained untreated as the control. Worm burdens in the lambs at slaughter 10 days after oral treatment confirmed the resistance status of the nematode strains used, and showed that moxidectin had a greater than 99.9% efficacy (p<0.01) against all of them. No adverse effects due to treatment with moxidectin were observed in any of the animals.     

黄精药材和黄精片在炮制工艺中的质量研究

[目的]以黄精多糖含量为参考指数,研究黄精药材和黄精饮片经炮制后对黄精中黄精多糖含量的影响,为黄精在实际生产中优选出更加合理的炮制工艺。[方法]预试验采用黄精药材和黄精片的不同炮制方法进行试验,得到多组样品,每个样品粉粹成细粉,用紫外分光光度法测定黄精多糖的含量,对比得出最适合工厂生产的工艺。再选取润制时间、焖制时间和蒸制时间为考察因素,每个因素设3个水平,以黄精多糖含量为指标,采用3因素3水平正交试验对黄精炮制工艺进行优选。最后,用优选的炮制工艺进行可验证性试验。[结果]酒黄精饮片的炮制过程中,润制时间为主要因素。对于浸出物的分析,影响浸出物含量的因素从大到小依次为蒸制时间、润制时间、焖制时间,即蒸制时间过长,浸出物含量明显会下降,说明酒黄精饮片在炮制过程中蒸制时间不宜过长。对于黄精多糖的分析,影响黄精多糖含量的因素从大到小依次为润制时间、焖制时间、蒸制时间,即润制时间和焖制时间越长,黄精多糖的含量会越来越高。[结论]该试验以黄精多糖含量为指标,通过比较,得到黄精饮片加15%的黄酒润制10 h,蒸制10 h,焖制10 h,取出,干燥,为黄精生产最佳工艺条件且可行性良好。     

Citrus Black Rot is Caused by Phylogenetically Distinct Lineages of Alternaria alternata

ABSTRACT Phylogenetic analysis revealed that isolates of Alternaria alternata causing black rot of citrus were associated with six well-supported evolutionary lineages. Isolates recovered from brown spot lesions on Minneola tangelo, leaf spot lesions on rough lemon, and healthy citrus tissue and noncitrus hosts were related closely to isolates from black-rotted fruit. Phylogenies estimated independently from DNA sequence data from an endopolygalacturonase gene (endoPG) and two anonymous regions of the genome (OPA1-3 and OPA2-1) had similar topologies, and phylogenetic analysis was performed on the combined data set. In the combined phylogeny, isolates from diverse ecological niches on citrus and noncitrus hosts were distributed in eight clades. Isolates from all lineages, regardless of ecological or host association, caused black rot in fruit inoculation assays, demonstrating that small-spored Alternaria isolates associated with different ecological niches on citrus and other plant hosts are potential black rot pathogens. These data also indicated that the fungi associated with black-rotted fruit do not form a natural evolutionary group distinct from other Alternaria pathogens and saprophytes associated with citrus. The use of the name A. citri to describe fungi associated with citrus black rot is not justified and it is proposed that citrus black rot fungi be referred to as A. alternata.     

K2SiO3促进梭梭生长并增强其抗旱性

通过修正1/2 Hoagland营养液配方加入K2SiO3的(KCl对照)方式,以蛭石为基质进行溶液培养,研究了硅(Si)元素在多浆旱生植物梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)生长和抗旱性中的生理作用。结果显示,与相应KCl对照相比,外加一定浓度的K2SiO3对梭梭的生长有促进作用,其中15 mmol·L-1 K2SiO3对梭梭生长的促进作用最大,而50 mmol·L-1以上的K2SiO3的处理(KCl对照)显著抑制了梭梭的生长(P0.05)。与未施肥和30 mmol·L-1 KCl相比,15 mmol·L-1 K2SiO3 处理的梭梭株高分别增加了20.2%和11.4%,分枝数分别增加了41.4%和21.6%;鲜重分别增加了39.1%和14.5%,含水量分别增加了35.2%和13.8%。在不同强度渗透胁迫下,与30 mmol·L-1 KCl对照相比,15 mmol·L-1 K2SiO3处理显著提高了梭梭的抗旱能力,使同化枝中丙二醛含量和相对电导率显著下降,减轻了渗透胁迫对梭梭生长造成的伤害。与对照和施加30 mmol·L-1 KCl的植株相比,当渗透势分别为 -0.5(轻度)、-1.0(中度) 和 -1.5 MPa(重度)时,15 mmol·L-1 K2SiO3处理的梭梭株高分别增加了24.7%和10.1%,26.4%和13.8%,24.2%和12.9%;鲜重分别增加了43.6%和15.7%,52.7%和15.0%,59.3%和20.1%;同化枝中丙二醛含量则降低了26%和12%,32.8%和17.2%,31.3%和17.2%,相对电导率降低了26.7%和13.3%,41.2%和23.5%,47.5%和25% (P0.05)。研究结果表明,适量浓度的K2SiO3处理能促进梭梭的生长并通过降低同化枝中相对电导率和丙二醛含量的积累来增强梭梭的抗旱性。     

优质高产夏秋用家蚕品种韶·辉×旭·东的选育

在利用不完全双列杂交法(NCⅡ)对来自不同生态区域优良夏秋用家蚕品种资源的配合力进行测试的基础上,选择各数量性状总配合力效应值表现突出的成对品种资源作为育种新材料的骨干亲本,同时插交不同特殊性状亲本,通过级进育成杂交方法组配成几个综合性状更加优良的育种新材料。新材料在春、夏、秋季不同饲养环境下定向培育,经多代活蛹缫丝选择,分别育成了2个中系家蚕品种C9、云竹1与2个日系家蚕品种秋湘A、秋白B,并进一步组配成了四元杂交新组合C9·云竹1×秋湘A·秋白B(韶·辉×旭·东)。实验室鉴定、农村饲养及种场繁育结果表明,韶·辉×旭·东具有强健好养、产茧量高、茧丝长、洁净优、蚕种易繁育的特点,其综合经济性状优良。在夏、秋季进行的实验室联合鉴定中,新品种杂交组合的万蚕产茧量和万蚕茧层量分别比对照组合932·芙蓉×7532·湘晖(9·芙×7·湘)高7.4%、8.0%,一粒茧丝长为1 153.5 m,解舒丝长904.1 m,洁净96.04分。育成的优质高产家蚕新品种韶·辉×旭·东适合在我国南方蚕区与长江流域的夏秋蚕季推广饲养。     

Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella on midwest and northeast USA dairy farms

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella isolated from dairy herds in New York, Minnesota, Michigan, and Wisconsin, USA. Serogroup and antimicrobial susceptibility characteristics were determined for Salmonella from cattle and environmental samples collected during August 2000–October 2001 as part of a longitudinal study where 129 herds were visited at 2-month intervals. Salmonella isolates were tested (using a broth microdilution method) for susceptibility to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, cephalothin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Of the 1506 isolates tested for minimum inhibitory concentrations to these 14 antimicrobial agents, 81.2% were pan-susceptible and for most herds (81.6%) the predominant antimicrobial resistance pattern was pan-susceptible. At least 1 Salmonella isolate resistant to 5 or more antimicrobial agents was found on 23.6% of herds. This resistance phenotype was most common among serogroups B and E1 and among samples from calves and farmer-designated sick cows. Resistant samples most frequently exhibited resistance to tetracycline, streptomycin, and/or ampicillin. No samples were resistant to ceftriaxone (though 13 were in the intermediate range), and very few samples were resistant to ciprofloxacin (n = 1), nalidixic acid (n = 5), or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (n = 7).     

FSAE赛车发动机进气系统设计

文章主要对FSAE赛车发动机进气系统进行分析,从而在符合大赛规则的前提下设计出符合FSAE赛车高速性能要求的进气系统,即在赛车发动机进气系统中安装稳压腔.首先利用CATIA软件绘制两种进气系统的3D模型(含有稳压腔和不含稳压腔),再将其导入到ANSYS软件中进行模拟仿真分析,通过比较分析证明带稳压腔的进气系统在进气速度的均匀性与进气压力稳定性上均具有一定的优势.     

Cytotoxic effects of peroxynitrite, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, free-radical scavengers, inhibitors of myeloperoxidase, and inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase on bovine mammary secretory epithelial cells

OBJECTIVE: To determine cytotoxic effects of activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and peroxynitrite on bovine mammary secretory epithelial cells before and after addition of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitors, and free-radical scavengers. SAMPLE POPULATION: Polymorphonuclear neutrophils from 3 lactating cows. PROCEDURE: Cells from the bovine mammary epithelial cell line MAC-T were cultured. Monolayers were treated with activated bovine PMN, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), 3-morpholino-sydnonimine (SIN-1), 4-amino-benzoic acid hydrazide (ABAH), NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, histidine, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). At 24 hours, activity of lactate dehydrogenase in culture medium was used as a relative index of cell death. Tyrosine nitration of proteins in MAC-T cell lysates was determined by visual examination of immunoblots. RESULTS: Lipopolysaccharide, PMA, and < or = 0.1 mM SIN-1 were not toxic to MAC-T cells. Activated PMN, > or = 6 mg of histidine/ml, and 0.5 mM SIN-1 were toxic. Together, histidine and 500,000 activated PMN/ml also were toxic. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine did not have an effect, but ABAH decreased PMN-mediated cytotoxicity. Ten and 50 U of SOD/ml protected MAC-T cells from cytotoxic effects of 0.5 mM SIN-1. Compared with control samples, nitration of MAC-T tyrosine residues decreased after addition of 500,000 PMN/ml or > or = 6 mg of histidine/ml. Superoxide dismutase increased and SIN-1 decreased tyrosine nitration of MAC-T cell proteins in a dose-responsive manner. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Peroxynitrite, MPO, and histidine are toxic to mammary secretory epithelial cells. Superoxide dismutase and inhibition of MPO activity mitigate these effects. Nitration of MAC-T cell tyrosine residues may be positively associated with viability.     

Lesions and transmission of experimental adenovirus hemorrhagic disease in black-tailed deer fawns

Adenovirus infection was the cause of an epizootic of hemorrhagic disease that is believed to have killed thousands of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in California during the latter half of 1993. A systemic vasculitis with pulmonary edema and hemorrhagic enteropathy or a localized vasculitis associated with necrotizing stomatitis/pharyngitis/glossitis or osteomyelitis of the jaw were common necropsy findings in animals that died during this epizootic. To study transmission of adenovirus infection in deer and susceptibility of black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) fawns to adenovirus infection, six 3-6-month-old black-tailed fawns were divided into two treatment groups. One group was inoculated intravenously and the other group was inoculated through the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth with purified adenovirus. Each treatment group also included two additional fawns (four total) that were not inoculated but were exposed to inoculated animals (contact animals). One fawn served as a negative control. Between 4 and 16 days postinoculation, 8/10 fawns developed systemic or localized infection with lesions identical to lesions seen in animals with natural disease that died during the epizootic. Transmission was by direct contact, and the route of inoculation did not affect the incubation period or the distribution of the virus (systemic or the localized infection). Immunohistochemical analysis using polyclonal antiserum against bovine adenovirus type 5 demonstrated staining in endothelial cells of vessels in numerous tissues in animals with systemic infection and endothelial staining only in vessels subtending necrotic foci in the upper alimentary tract in animals with the localized form of the disease. All inoculated or exposed animals had staining in the tonsillar epithelium. Transmission electron microscopic examination of lung and ileum from two fawns with pulmonary edema and hemorrhagic enteropathy demonstrated endothelial necrosis and adenovirus virions in endothelial cell nuclei. Adenovirus was reisolated in black-tailed deer pulmonary artery endothelial cells using lung homogenate of the first fawn that developed systemic adenovirus infection. Serum virus neutralization test results suggest that this deer adenovirus is a new serotype.