Ectopic Ureteral Orifice Causing Urinary Incontinence in a Dog

Abstract— Report of a case with one ureteral orifice in the urethra. The anomaly was diagnosed roentgenologically. The clinical sign was urinary incontinence. Treatment was surgical with implantation of the ureter into the bladder.     

Percutaneous Cementoplasty in the Palliative, Multimodal Treatment of Primary Bone Tumors of the Distal Aspect of the Radius in Four Dogs

Objective— To (1) evaluate the analgesic effect of percutaneous cementoplasty (PC) in dogs with primary bone tumor (PBT) of the distal aspect of the radius and (2) evaluate the impact on the course of disease by adding PC to a palliative, multimodal treatment protocol in these dogs.
Study Design— Prospective pilot study.
Animals— Dogs (n=4) with PBT of the distal aspect of the radius.
Methods— Tumor lesions were filled percutaneously with polymethylmethacrylate under fluoroscopic guidance. Pamidronate was administered once in a week before PC. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy were initiated 2 and 6 weeks after PC, respectively. Force plate analysis was performed immediately before 2, and 6 weeks after PC. Survival time was defined from PC to euthanasia.
Results— Two dogs had a significant increase in peak vertical force 2 weeks after PC ( P =.043) and remained free of lameness for 18 and 20 weeks, respectively. One dog had an acute relapse after an initially lame-free period of 10 days. The remaining dog failed to improve ( P =.686). Three dogs developed at least 2 complications including transient worsening of the lameness after PC, cement leakage, wound infection and suspected thromboembolism in combination with cough and anemia. Median survival was 4.8 months (range, 1–5.7 months).
Conclusions— PC in combination with pamidronate significantly improved lameness in 2 dogs; however, PC is not risk-free. Deep wound infection, intraarticular cement leakage, and venous thrombosis were the main complications.
Clinical Relevance— PC might be a useful addition to established palliative, multimodal treatment protocols in dogs with PBT; however, because of the complications encountered PC warrants further study before routine use can be considered.     

Resection of a Large Intra‐Abdominal Tumor in the Mexican Axolotl: A Case Report

Objective— This case report describes the surgical removal of an intra‐abdominal tumor from a Mexican axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum). The animal was admitted with left abdominal swelling that had increased over 4 months. Methods— Surgical removal was performed under general anesthesia with MS222 under an operating microscope. Exploratory laparotomy was performed through 2.5 dorsocranial skin incision in the left flank, followed by subcutaneous dissection. Results— The tumor involved the spleen, was adjacent to the descending colon, and supplied by vessels from the spleen, stomach, and colon. The mass was removed by clamping and transecting the spleen and the peritoneum was closed with a continuous suture pattern, while abdominal muscles and skin were closed in layers. After a total duration time of anesthesia of 90 minutes the animal was kept in prophylactic antibiotic baths. Tissue sections revealed characteristics of both lymphangiosarcoma and lymphosarcoma with an appearance typical for a malignant tumor. Conclusions— Abdominal surgery was performed in an axolotl and the surgical wound healed without complication.     

The diagnosis of injuries to the intestines, gallbladder and bile ducts in the dog

Clinical and radiographic findings in three dogs with intestinal ruptures and four dogs with rupture of the gallbladder or bile ducts are described. In both types of injuries the onset of clinical signs was insidious, and the initial signs were masked by acute disorders such as bruises, fractures, pneumothorax or abdominal haemorrhage. With rupture of the gallbladder or bile ducts, there was listlessness, abdominal enlargement, icterus and clay-coloured stool. Diffuse peritonitis was seen radiographically. Paracentesis an danalysis of the abdominal fluid for bilirubin substantiated the diagnosis. Radiographically, ruptures of the intestine showed localized peritonitis and abnormal arrangement of the loops. Adhesions between intestines and omentum sealed off the ruptures, and only small amounts of intestinal contents leaked into the abdomen. Little or no free gas was seen on abdominal radiographs. Gas was sometimes trapped in pouches formed by the adhesions. In these rare injuries, prolonged observation of the patients and awareness of the clinical and radiographic findings are necessary to make an accurate diagnosis. Résumé. Résultats des examens cliniques et radiologiques de trois chiens de rupture intestinale et de quatre animaux présentant une rupture de la vésicule biliaire ou des voies biliaires. Dans les deux types de lésion le début des signes cliniques était insidieux et le tableau clinique masqué par les manifestations aiguës: contusions, fractures, pneumothorax ou hémorragie abdominale. Dans le cas de rupture de la vésicule ou des voies biliaires, on observe de l'apathie, une augmentation de volume de l'abdomen, de l'ictère et des selles de couleur argile. Les radiographies montrent une péritonite diffuse. La paracentèse et l'examen du liquide péritonéal (recherche de bilirubine) confirment le diagnostic. La rupture de l'intestin se traduit radiologiquement par une péritonite localisée et des anomalies de disposition des anses intestinales. Les adhérences entre celles-ci et l'épiploon assurent l'occlusion des ruptures, une quantité réduite de liquide s'épanchait ainsi dans la cavité abdominale; les radiographies de l'abdomen ne montrait que peu, ou pas du tout de gaz libre, qui parfois se localisait dans les poches formées par les adhérences. Au cours de ces lésions traumatiques une observation prolongée des sujets et la connaissance des signes cliniques et radiologiques sont nécessaires pour poser un diagnostic correct. Zusammenfassung. Klinische und radiographische Befunde an drei Hunden mit Eingeweiderissen und an vier Hunden mit Rissen der Gallenblase oder der äusseren Gallenwege werden beschrieben. Bei beiden Typen von Verletzungen war das Einsetzen der klinischen Merkmale insidiös, und die ersten Anzeichen wurden durch akute Erscheinungen wie Quet-schungen, Frakturen, Pneumothorax oder abdominale Blutungen verdeckt. Beim Riss der Gallenblase oder der Gallengänge wurden Mattigkeit, Hervortreten des Bauches, Ikterus und lehmfarbener Kot beobachtet. Radiographisch wurde diffuse Peritonitis festgestellt. Paracentese und die Analyse der Bauchflüssigkeit auf Bilirubin bestätigten die Diagnose. Radiographisch zeigten Eingeweiderisse lokalisierte Peritonitis und anomale Anordnung der Darmschlingen. Adhäsionen zwischen Därmen und Omentum verschlossen die Rupturen, und nur kleine Mengen des Darminhalts gelangten in die Bauchhöhle. Die Röntgenaufnahmen der Bauchhöhle zeigten wenig oder kein freies Gas. Manchmal wurde Gas in den von den Adhäsionen geformten Taschen festgehalten. Bei diesen seltenen Verletzungen sind längere Beobachtung der Patienten und die Kenntnis der klinischen und radiographischen Befunde für eine genaue Diagnose notwendig.     

Effect of natural organic soil solutes on weathering rates of soil minerals

The rate at which minerals in the soil weather is affected by pH and concentration of organic solutes (DOC). The rates of release of Al, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P and Si from a mineral soil sample to solutions of natural organic solutes and HCI (control) were determined at pH 3 and 4 for up to 17 weeks. Soil solutions were collected by centrifuging materials of O horizons from various soil types under four tree species (spruce, birch, oak, beech) and passed through a cation-exchange resin to yield H⁺-saturated organic solutes. The acceleration of the elements' release by the organic solutes was shown directly by the relative ligand effect (RLE), that is, the release rate in the organic solute solution divided by the release rate in the HCI solution (control) at the same pH. The RLE was greater at pH 4 than at pH 3, and it decreased for the elements in the order Fe > Ca > Mg > Al ≈ Si > K ≈ Na. This indicates that natural organic solutes are more important weathering agents at higher than lower pH and for weathering of mafic minerals rich in Ca, Fe and Mg than of felsic minerals such as K- and Na-feldspars. For all elements and at both pHs, RLE was strongly correlated with the concentration of DOC, which was also closely correlated with titratable acidity of the organic solutes. The important effect of soil type and tree species in producing weathering-promoting organic solutes therefore seems to be expressed through the concentration and not the composition of the organic soil solutes.     

分子证据表明苏拉威西岛特有鸟种苏拉山鸫(Geomalia heinrichi)属于地鸫属(Zoothera)(鸫科,鸟纲)(英文)

苏拉威西地区特有鸟种苏拉山鸫(Geomalia heinrichi)的分类地位,是属于画眉科还是鸫科,长期以来一直备受争议。基于线粒体细胞色素 b 基因、细胞核肌红蛋白内含子 2 以及鸟氨酸脱羧酶内含子 6–7 基因,我们估计了鸫科 43 个分类群的系统发育关系。结果表明,苏拉山鸫是地鸫属的一个分支,并具有较高的支持率。我们建议将 Geomalia 并入地鸫属(Zoothera),并命名为 Zoothera heinrichi。     

Inoculum potential of Pythium arrhenomanes in soils from three crop rotation experiments

Soil from crop rotation experiments at three different sites was tested by using bait plants and a most probable number (MPN) method to estimate the inoculum potential of Pythium arrhenomanes in terms of the density of infective units. Recorded values varied between 0 and 85 infective units/kg soil. In soil from one of the sites the inoculum densities following barley monoculture were significantly higher than those from crop rotations, whether sampled in the spring or autumn. At the other two sites, which had consistently lower inoculum densities, small effects of rotation treatment were also recorded when they were sampled in the autumn. However, the results did not support the tentative conclusions of earlier studies, that inoculum of P. arrhenomanes could be a major cause of yield reduction in barley monoculture. The MPN method cannot be recommended for predicting expected disease levels of P. arrhenomanes , unless the infective unit can be carefully defined and its relation to yield loss reliably established.