Fluid distribution in pork, measured by x-ray diffraction, interference microscopy and centrifugation compared to paleness measured by fiber optics

Moderately PSE (pale, soft, exudative) and moderately DFD (dark, firm, dry) pork was examined by x-ray diffraction for interfilament separation, by differential interference contrast microscopy for interfiber area, and was centrifuged to measure water holding capacity (WHC). Internal reflectance spectra were measured by fiber optics. For PSE to DFD pork, filament separation ranged from 39 to 48 nm, interfiber area from 42 to 3%, and WHC from 49 to 64%, respectively. The correlation of reflectance with interfilament separation varied considerably with wavelength (reaching r = -.83 at 680 nm, P less than .005). The correlation of reflectance with interfiber area was more uniform across the spectrum (reaching r = .90 at 450 nm, P less than .005), as was the correlation of reflectance with WHC (reaching r = -.80 at 400 nm, P less than .005). At 24 h postmortem, fiber-optic spectrophotometry may be used as a rapid, nondestructive method to predict WHC and potential fluid losses from commercial pork with a moderate range from PSE to DFD. Interfiber area was correlated negatively with filament lattice area and WHC, but no significant correlation was found between filament lattice area and WHC. Filament separation was decreased only slightly by centrifugation. These results indicate that at 24 h postmortem the extra fluid released from PSE pork already has been lost from the myofilament lattice and is awaiting release from compartments downstream such as interfiber and interfascicular spaces.     

Corneal sequestrum in the cat. Repair using a tarso-conjunctival pedicle flap

Corneal sequestrum was diagnosed upon clinical examination of 12 cats. The cornea of seven were examined histologically and had focal necrosis and inflammation of the stroma and epithelium. As the simple excision of the corneal lesions had been unsuccessful in two of the cats, repair of these was effected by construction of a tarso-conjunctival pedicle flap after the excision of the sequestrum.     

Chronic malignant catarrhal fever: a case in a sika deer (Cervus nippon)

A condition resembling chronic malignant catarrhal fever was seen in a 9-month-old pet sika hind (Cervus nippon). From an initial acute depression, pyrexia, and anorexia, the condition progressed to include hypopyon, keratitis, lethargy, loss of condition, sloughing of one hoof and eventually death after seven weeks. There were multiple, 5 to 8mm diameter dark-red nodules throughout the mesenteries and mediastinum, along abdominal organ ligaments, and about the uterus and kidneys. Histopathology showed the nodules to be organising vascular thrombi. Concurrent perivascular mononuclear infiltrations and intravascular thrombi in many tissues confirmed that the condition was malignant catarrhal fever.     

Embryonic Loss in Sows with Repeated Propensity for Small Litter Size

Information is lacking as to the timing and cause of sows that repeatedly have low litter size over several parities. Sows evaluated for the present study had at least two parities either small or=12 (NL) litter size. Following breeding of sows with contemporary boars, reproductive tracts were obtained on day 30 of gestation. There was no difference (p > 0.10) between SL and NL sows in the number of CL, embryo weight or placental length. The total number of embryos and embryonic survival tended to be lower (p < 0.10) in SL sows compared with NL sows, but there were 5.1 less viable embryos (p < 0.03) in SL. Results indicate that time of conceptus loss in SL sows was variable throughout gestation.     

Concentrations of constitutive alk(en)ylresorcinols in peel of commercial mango varieties and resistance to postharvest anthracnose

Mature green mango fruits of commercially important varieties were screened to investigate the levels of constitutive antifungal compounds in peel and to assess anthracnose disease after inoculation with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to quantify the levels of 5-n-heptadecenylresorcinol and 5-n-pentadecylresorcinol in the peel extracts. The fruit peel of the varieties ‘Kensington Pride’ and ‘Keitt’ were observed to have the highest levels of both 5-n-heptadecenylresorcinol (107.3–123.7 and 49.9–61.4 μg/g FW, respectively) and 5-n-pentadecylresorcinol (6.32–7.99 and 3.30–6.05 μg/g FW, respectively), and the fruits of the two varieties were found to have some resistance to postharvest anthracnose. The varieties ‘Kent’, ‘R2E2’, ‘Nam Doc Mai’, ‘Calypso’ and ‘Honey Gold’ contained much lower concentrations of resorcinols in their peel and three of these varieties were found to be more susceptible to anthracnose. Concentrations of 5-n-heptadecenylresorcinol were significantly lower at the ‘sprung’ and ‘eating ripe’ stages of ripening compared to levels at harvest. Concentrations of 5-n-pentadecylresorcinol did not differ significantly across the three stages of ripening. The levels of these two resorcinols were found to be strongly inter-correlated (P<0.01, r²=0.71), with concentrations of 5-n-heptadecenylresorcinol being an average 18 times higher than those of 5-n-pentadecylresorcinol. At the ‘eating ripe’ stage, significant relationships were observed between the concentrations of each type of alk(en)ylresorcinol and anthracnose lesion areas following postharvest inoculation, P<0.001, r²= 0.69 for 5-n-pentadecylresorcinol, and P<0.001, r²= 0.44 for 5-n-heptadecenylresorcinol.     

Seasonal development of secondary xylem in Pinus Strobus L.

Secondary xylem, or wood, is the tissue that conducts water and minerals in the tree; thus it performs physiologically one of the most important functions for the tree. In addition secondary xylem is the tissue that primarily determines the suitability of a tree for various economic uses.Investigation of the development of secondary xylem shows that it was gradual. Xylem mother cells, the immediate derivatives of cambial initals, were, at first, small cells with thin cell walls. Then the xylem mother cells enlarged radially, but still retained thin cell walls. When these cells reached the radial diameter of mature tracheids, the secondary wall deposition began. This continued until thick, rigid cell walls were attained. These thick, rigid walls determine the physical properties of a certain species of wood. This investigation shows that physical properties of tracheids can differ with stages of development.

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Zusammenfassung Das Sekundärxylem, oder das Holz, ist dasjenige Gewebe, welches Wasser und Mineralstoffe im Baum führt. Damit erfüllt es eine der wichtigsten physiologischen Funktionen für den Baum. Außerdem bestimmt das Gewebe des Sekundärxylems in erster Linie die Verwendbarkeit des Baumes bzw. des Holzes zu wirtschaftlichen Zwecken. Die Untersuchung der Entwicklung des Sekundärxylems zeigte, daß diese Entwicklung abgestuft vor sich geht. Die Xylem-Mutterzellen, unmittelbare Abkömmlinge der Kambium Initialen, zeigten sich zuerst als kleine Zellen mit dünnen Zellwänden. Dann erweiterten sie sich in radialer Richtung, blieben aber immer noch dünn in ihren Zellwänden. Als diese Zellen etwa den Durchmesser von reifen Tracheiden erreicht hatten, begann die Auflagerung der Sekundärschicht. Dieser Vorgang setzte sich fort bis sich dicke, feste Zellwände gebildet hatten. Diese dicken, steifen Zellwände bestimmen weitgehend die physikalisch-mechanischen Eigenschaften der betreffenden Holzart. Die vorliegenden Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die physikalischen Eigenschaften der Tracheiden je nach der Entwicklungsstufe schwanken können.

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This report is based on portions of work in fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree in Botany at the University of Wisconsin.

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Maintained at Madison, Wisconsin, 53705, U. S. A., in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin.     

Cell wall formation in secondary xylem of Pinus strobus L.

Summary Vesicular membrane-bound bodies that participate in forming the cell wall of differentiating xylem cells in white pine appeared on electron microscopical examination to originate from the Golgi apparatus. Golgi bodies released vesicles that contained dark material, fibrillar material, or no contents. The vesicles were seen at different stages on their path to the cell wall; their contents came in contact with the wall by fusion of vesicular membranes with the plasmalemma. Individual filaments of fibrillar material within the vesicles were 60 to 80 Å in diameter; structurally they resembled the fibrillar component of the existing wall and became intertwined with the wall. The authors assume the dark material in the Golgi-derived vesicles represents the hemicellulosic and the pectic components of the wall, and the fibrillar material, the cellulosic.Maintained in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin.     

评估调质时间和温度对猪颗粒饲料淀粉糊化度和维生素沉积的影响

本论文研究了饲料加工的两个关键参数(调质温度和时间)对育肥猪颗粒饲料淀粉糊化度和维生素沉积的影响。日粮配方为含30%干酒糟及其可溶物的玉米-豆粕型基础日粮。整个试验中配方保持不变。本试验采用2×3双因子设计,调质温度分别为77℃和88℃,调质时间分别15秒、30秒和60秒。此外,本试验还设置一个对照组,对照组饲料不采用调质制粒工艺,而是采用粉料饲喂。因此,本试验共有7个处理组。采集调质后制粒前(热干粉)、制粒后冷却前(热制粒)、以及制粒冷却后(冷制粒)的样品,并分析这三种样品的总淀粉率、淀粉糊化