Basal internode elongation of rice as affected by light intensity and leaf area

Short basal internodes are important for lodging resistance of rice(Oryza sativa L.).Several canopy indices affect the elongation of basal internodes,but uncertainty as to the key factors determining elongation of basal internodes persists.The objectives of this study were(1)to identify key factors affecting the elongation of basal internodes and(2)to establish a quantitative relationship between basal internode length and canopy indices.An inbred rice cultivar,Yinjingruanzhan,was grown in two split-plot field experiments with three N rates(0,75,and 150 kg N ha−1 in early season and 0,90,and 180 kg N ha−1 in late season)as main plots,three seedling densities(16.7,75.0,and 187.5 seedlings m−2)as subplots,and three replications in the 2015 early and late seasons in Guangzhou,China.Light intensity at base of canopy(Lb),light quality as determined from red/far-red light ratio(R/FR),light transmission ratio(LTR),leaf area index(LAI),leaf N concentration(NLV)and final length of second internode(counted from soil surface upward)(FIL)were recorded.Higher N rate and seedling density resulted in significantly longer FIL.FIL was negatively correlated with Lb,LTR,and R/FR(P<0.01)and positively correlated with LAI(P<0.01),but not correlated with NLV(P>0.05).Stepwise linear regression analysis showed that FIL was strongly associated with Lb and LAI(R2=0.82).Heavy N application to pot-grown rice at the beginning of first internode elongation did not change FIL.We conclude that FIL is determined mainly by Lb and LAI at jointing stage.NLV has no direct effect on the elongation of basal internodes.N application indirectly affects FIL by changing LAI and light conditions in the rice canopy.Reducing LAI and improving canopy light transmission at jointing stage can shorten the basal internodes and increase the lodging resistance of rice.     

南方低甲烷排放的高产水稻品种筛选与评价

为综合评价高产和低甲烷(CH4)排放兼具的水稻品种,应对我国粮食安全和环境保护问题,于2013年晚季和2014年早季,以南方稻区50个代表品种为供试材料,在盆栽条件下采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定品种的CH4排放通量,并对生育期的CH4排放量、稻谷产量及植株农艺性状进行了综合评价。结果表明,早、晚季供试品种间的CH4排放量和产量均存在显著差异。早季全生育期的CH4排放量在7.37～21.10 g·m-2之间,晚季分蘖期至幼穗分化期的CH4排放量在1.37～13.97 g·m-2之间;早季产量在0.40～0.65kg·m-2之间,晚季在0.59～0.87 kg·m-2之间。根据系统聚类法的分析结果,将供试品种划分成具有不同CH4排放量和产量水平的类型,从中筛选出了适合推广应用的CH4低排高产、中排高产和低排中产品种,如黄华占、五优308、丰华占、特三矮、茉莉占选、广超丝苗、珍桂矮、广恢998和七桂早25等。其中,恢复系广恢998组配品种、黄华占和五优308已在我国南方稻区大面积推广应用。相关分析结果表明,株高、叶面积指数与CH4排放通量呈显著正相关,这2个性状可作为高产低CH4排放水稻新品种选育的辅助筛选指标。此外,稻谷产量与CH4排放量无显著相关。研究结果为培育高产与低CH4排放兼具的新品种提供了亲本材料和理论依据。     

施氮对水稻茎秆抗倒伏能力的影响及其形态和力学机理

【目的】研究施氮对水稻茎秆抗倒伏能力的影响及其与茎秆形态性状和力学性状的关系及其作用机理,为水稻抗倒高产栽培调控提供依据。【方法】以常规籼稻银晶软占为材料,设置4个氮水平,进行大田试验,研究施氮对水稻茎秆基部节间形态和力学性状的影响及其与倒伏指数的关系。【结果】施氮影响水稻茎秆的形态和力学性状。随着施氮量的增加,株高增加,重心上移,基部节间长度增加,节间充实度下降,抗折力和弹性模量减小,茎秆倒伏指数增加,抗倒伏能力下降。倒伏指数与株高、重心高度及基部节间长度呈正相关,而与基部节间充实度、抗折力及弹性模量呈负相关,且相关系数大多达到显著或极显著水平。倒伏指数与单位面积有效穗数和每穗总粒数呈显著或极显著正相关,而与结实率和千粒重呈负相关趋势。【结论】株高、重心高度、基部节间长度和基部节间充实度等形态性状,以及弯曲力矩、抗折力等力学性状,是影响水稻茎秆抗倒伏能力的主要因素。     

A sub-population of circulating porcine gammadelta T cells can act as professional antigen presenting cells

A sub-population of circulating porcine gammadelta T cells express cell surface antigens associated with antigen presenting cells (APCs), and are able to take up soluble antigen very effectively. Functional antigen presentation by gammadelta T cells to memory helper T cells was studied by inbred pig lymphocytes immunised with ovalbumin (OVA). After removing all conventional APCs from the peripheral blood of immunised pigs, the remaining lymphocytes still proliferated when stimulated with OVA. When gammadelta T cells were further depleted, OVA specific proliferation was abolished, but reconstitution with gammadelta T cells restored proliferation. The proliferation was blocked by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against MHC class II or CD4, and by pre-treatment of gammadelta T cells with chloroquine. These results indicate that a sub-population of circulating porcine gammadelta T cells act as APCs and present antigen via MHC class II.     

Distribution of Aeolothrips intermedius Bagnall (Thysanoptera: Aeolothripidae) and its potential prey Thysanoptera species on different cultivated host plants

The results of the monitoring of Thysanoptera species on cultivated plants in Slovenia (2000–2001), Croatia (1994–1996), and Serbia and Montenegro (1988–2003) are presented in this study. The aim of the investigation was to study the host plant distribution of the predator Aeolothrips intermedius Bagnall and its potential prey. Banded thrips were found on 30 different host plant species belonging to 16 botanical families, always in mixed populations with phytophagous or facultative phytophagous insects (including 18 Thysanoptera species). On the vegetative parts of the cultivated plants, banded thrips were found less numerous in spite of the massive population of some harmful thrips species. This indicates highly important role of pollen as alternative food for Aeolothrips intermedius.     

Functional characteristics of porcine peripheral T cells stimulated with IL-2 or IL-2 and PMA

In human or mouse, mature T cells express either CD4 or CD8, resulting in different functions in the periphery. Interestingly, porcine CD4 and CD8 double positive (DP) T cells are present in the blood, and their proportions change from youth to adulthood. However, the features of these cells in swine are poorly understood. We investigated the fate of porcine peripheral T cells based on their functional characteristics, including proliferation and the expression of CD4 and CD8 co-receptors. The results showed that all the populations changed their CD8 expression in a time-dependent manner and porcine T cells had different proliferative pattern from human T cells. The results further revealed that Th2 cytokines were increased later in porcine T cells compared to human T cells upon stimulation with IL-2 + PMA. Collectively, we found that the fate of porcine peripheral T cells is different from that of human T cells, and the changes occur in a time- and stimulation-dependent manner.     

The impact of initial concentration of selected pharmaceuticals on their early stage of dissipation in soils

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Dissipation of pharmaceutical compounds entered into the natural environment is an important process minimizing the adverse effects on the living organisms. The aim...     

Impact of crop production system on the content of macronutrients in potato tubers

ABSTRACT

The content of macronutrients in potato tubers arouses interest because of their substantial consumption in the world and significant role in elements' budget in human diet. The research objective has been to evaluate the content of macronutrients in tubers of potatoes grown in different systems of crop production in Poland. In 2012–2014, an experiment was conducted to test potato cultivation in three-crop production systems: conventional, integrated and organic. In each of the six-field crop rotation systems, there were five potato cultivars classified into different earliness groups. The following macronutrients in dry mass of potato tubers were determined: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, S and Cl, and the various ratios between them were calculated. The research carried out proved that potatoes production systems affect the chemical composition of tubers, which is additionally modified by whether condition and genetic features of cultivars. Potato tubers from organic farming contained by about 20% less N than tubers from conventional or integrated systems. Potato tubers from organic production system displayed lower content of Ca and Na in comparison with the conventional and integrated systems. The least of P and S were detected in tubers of the potatoes grown conventionally.