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Stergiadis S Leifert C Seal CJ Eyre MD Nielsen JH Larsen MK Slots T Steinshamn H Butler G 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(29):7270-7281
There is increasing concern that the intensification of dairy production reduces the concentrations of nutritionally desirable compounds in milk. This study therefore compared important quality parameters (protein and fatty acid profiles; α-tocopherol and carotenoid concentrations) in milk from four dairy systems with contrasting production intensities (in terms of feeding regimens and milking systems). The concentrations of several nutritionally desirable compounds (β-lactoglobulin, omega-3 fatty acids, omega-3/omega-6 ratio, conjugated linoleic acid c9t11, and/or carotenoids) decreased with increasing feeding intensity (organic outdoor ≥ conventional outdoor ≥ conventional indoors). Milking system intensification (use of robotic milking parlors) had a more limited effect on milk composition, but increased mastitis incidence. Multivariate analyses indicated that differences in milk quality were mainly linked to contrasting feeding regimens and that milking system and breed choice also contributed to differences in milk composition between production systems. 相似文献
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Adams Alison B. Pontius Jennifer Galford Gillian Gudex-Cross David 《Landscape Ecology》2019,34(10):2401-2419
Landscape Ecology - Understanding how the Northern Forest landscape has changed and is likely to change, both in terms of forest extent and forest configuration, has important implications for... 相似文献
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Evolution of C2H4 from soils under anaerobic conditions was stimulated by amendment with cereal straw, but hay had little effect. Temporary restoration of aerobic conditions resulted in large increases in C3 and C4 hydrocarbons, with both straw and hay amendments. Several known products of the fermentative degradation of carbohydrate increased the evolution of hydrocarbons under anaerobic, and to a greater extent, under aerobic conditions. In particular, ethanol and butyric acid promoted the formation of C2H4 and propylene, respectively. The association between degradation products and C2H4 suggests that both may be implicated when root growth is adversely affected by the anaerobic decomposition of plant residues. 相似文献
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Magdesian KG Hirsh DC Jang SS Hansen LM Madigan JE 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2002,220(1):67-73
OBJECTIVE: To determine molecular characteristics of Clostridium difficile isolates from foals with diarrhea and identify clinical abnormalities in affected foals. DESIGN: Retrospective study. ANIMALS: 28 foals with C difficile-associated diarrhea. PROCEDURE: Toxigenicity, molecular fingerprinting, and antibiotic susceptibility patterns were determined. Information on signalment, clinical findings, results of clinicopathologic testing, whether antimicrobials had been administered prior to development of diarrhea, and outcome was obtained from the medical records. RESULTS: Twenty-three (82%) foals survived. Toxin A and B gene sequences were detected in isolates from 24 of 27 foals, whereas the toxin B gene alone was detected in the isolate from 1 foal. Results of an ELISA for toxin A were positive for fecal samples from only 8 of 20 (40%) foals. Ten of 23 (43%) isolates were resistant to metronidazole. Molecular fingerprinting revealed marked heterogeneity among isolates, except for the metronidazole-resistant isolates. Sixteen foals had tachypnea. Hematologic abnormalities were indicative of inflammation. Common serum biochemical abnormalities included metabolic acidosis, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, azotemia, hypoproteinemia, hyperglycemia, and high enzyme activities. Passive transfer of maternal antibodies was adequate in all 12 foals evaluated. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that a large percentage of C difficile isolates from foals with diarrhea will have the toxin A and B gene sequences. Because of the possibility that isolates will be resistant to metronidazole, susceptibility testing is warranted. Clostridium difficile isolates from foals may have a substantial amount of molecular heterogeneity. Clinical and hematologic findings in affected foals are similar to those for foals with diarrhea caused by other pathogens. 相似文献
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The epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum) and the grey carpet shark (Chiloscyllium punctatum) are commonly found in periodically hypoxic environments. The ecophysiological time available for these animals to safely
exploit these niches during different seasonal temperatures was examined. The time to loss of righting reflex (T
LRR) was examined in response to an open ended anoxic challenge at three seasonal temperatures (23, 25 and 27°C). Ventilation
rates were measured in an open ended anoxic challenge at 23°C and during 1.5 h of anoxia followed by 2 h of re-oxygenation
at 23 and 25°C. The mean T
LRR of epaulette and grey carpet sharks was inversely proportional to temperature. The T
LRR was similar between species at 23°C; however, grey carpet sharks had significantly reduced T
LRR at higher temperatures. During the standardised anoxic challenge, epaulette sharks entered into ventilatory depression significantly
earlier at 25°C. During re-oxygenation, epaulette sharks exposed to anoxia at 23°C had no significant increase in ventilation
rates. However, after anoxic challenge and re-oxygenation at 25°C, epaulette sharks showed a significant increase in ventilation
rates during re-oxygenation. Grey carpet sharks displayed no evidence of ventilatory depression during anoxia. However, during
re-oxygenation, grey carpet sharks had significantly elevated ventilation rates above pre-experimental levels and control
animals. These data demonstrate that the anoxia tolerance times of both species were temperature dependent, with a significant
reduction in the T
LRR occurring at higher temperatures. Epaulette sharks had a significantly greater T
LRR at higher temperatures than grey carpet sharks, which did not enter into a ventilatory depression. 相似文献