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排序方式: 共有169条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
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2.
To eliminate unnecessary feeding trials, a mechanistic model of sugarcane digestion was used in the search for suitable supplements to improve milk production. Milk production simulated by the model was compared with data observed in four feeding trials published in the tropical literature where crossbred dairy cows were fed sugarcane/urea diets with different types of supplements. The predicted effects of the supplements on the ruminal microbial population, concentrations of ammonia and volatile fatty acids were also compared with the published results in one experiment. The model indicated the nutrient most limiting milk production for the different feeding situations. The addtion of Leucaena to the basal sugarcane/urea improved the availability of amino acids and long-chain fatty acids, with energy becoming the limiting factor. Supplementation with rice bran increased the availability of energy and long-chain fatty acids, but amino acids then became the limiting factor. Supplementation with both Leucaena and rice bran further improved the milk yield, but availability of energy now limited milk production. Supplementation with Leucaena increased milk production more than supplementation with king grass. The main reason for this increase was increased amino acid absorption due to increased microbial outflow. In all feeding situations, the average difference between the predicted milk production and that observed experimentally was 0.57 kg/d (ranging from 0.08 to 1 kg/d). 相似文献
3.
Computer modelling techniques were applied to study the structure of traditional dairy farms in the South-East region of Brazil and to help define research priorities and policies. Animal feeding is considered the principal factor affecting dairy cattle performance in the study. Knowledge of animal nutrition and feed supply from Brazilian and other literature was synthesized in two mathematical models. One model deals with the optimization of resources used in supplementary feeding for dairy cows under grazing; the other predicts dairy cow performance under a range of feeding conditions imposed by changes in the level of supplementation, stocking rate and calving date. Both models are empirical in nature. The modelling approach shows itself to be a useful means of defining research priorities and making recommendations on practical aspects of dairy cow feeding and management. 相似文献
4.
A dynamic model of N metabolism in the lactating dairy cow and an assessment of impact of N excretion on the environment 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Improving N utilization in dairy cows and especially reducing N output in excreta is desirable due to global concerns of agricultural contribution of N to environmental pollution, particularly as ammonia. Data from five N balance experiments were used to develop a dynamic model that was evaluated with independent data. Model predictions of feces, urine, and milk outputs were close to observed values. Statistical analysis showed that 96% of mean square prediction error for feces and urine N output predictions was due to random variation. However, the model tends to overpredict milk N output, especially at higher N intake levels. Evaluation of model predictions for independent experimental observations from Agricultural Development Advisory Service at Bridgets (U.K.) showed good agreement between predicted and observed urine N output (95% due to random variation). However, there was a slight underprediction for fecal N output (14% mean square prediction error due to bias) and overprediction of milk N output (22% of mean square prediction error due to bias). The model predictions of N outputs in excreta were sensitive to changes in energy concentration of the diet. Dietary protein degradability had only a small influence on predicted fecal N output. However, the model was sensitive in its predictions of urine N when protein degradability was varied. Application of the model to assess reduction in ammonia emissions from dairy cows showed that increasing the energy concentration could potentially reduce ammonia emissions by up to 25% per cow. Similarly, reducing CP concentration in the diet to about 16% could reduce ammonia production by 20% and lower degradability of CP to match microbial requirement by 19% per cow. The model is a first step toward a mechanistic approach of nutrient modeling, and it is a valuable method for predicting N excretions and estimating N emissions from dairy systems. 相似文献
5.
M. T. Dumas 《Forest Pathology》1992,22(1):11-18
Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus spp., Enterobacter spp., Serratia spp. and Agrobacterium radiobacter were isolated from root-free soils of the Boreal Mixedwood Forest of Ontario a, nd found to be capable of inhibiting the linear growth of Armillaria ostoyae in vitro. Isolates of P. fluorescens, Bacillus spp. and A. radiobacter were the most effective inhibitors of mycelial growth. To test the ability of the bacteria to suppress rhizomorph formation, A. gallica, which produces rhizomorphs in culture more consistently than does A. ostoyae, was used; only a small fraction of P. fluorescens and Bacillus spp. isolates were capable of preventing in vitro rhizomorph formation by A. gallica. 相似文献
6.
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic evidence for ecotonal coupling between boreal forests and fishes 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
R. L. France 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》1997,6(2):78-83
Abstract— As a result of water turbulence effects on boundary layer diffusion resistance and carbon isotopic discrimination, the δ13 C values (ratios of 13 C: 12 C) of attached algae may often overlap those of terrestrial plants, thereby making it impossible to distinguish between the relative importance of these two potential food sources for aquatic animals. The present study used a dual isotope approach (δ13 C and δ15 N) to refine measurements of the incorporation of allochthonous organic matter into freshwater fishes. The dependence of five species of littoral fishes on terrestrial detritus for part of their energy sustenance was demonstrated. The littoral zones of boreal Canadian Shield lakes are, therefore, not isolated from their surrounding riparian forests in terms of carbon flow as present day timber management guidelines erroneously assume, but instead exhibit a measurable degree of ecotonal land-water coupling. As a result, clearcut logging of riparian forests to the lakeshore edge, permissible by law in most Canadian provinces containing boreal forests, may have to be reassessed as a forest harvesting strategy. 相似文献
7.
J. Bordes G. Charmet R. Dumas de Vaulx A. Lapierre M. Pollacsek M. Beckert A. Gallais 《Euphytica》2007,154(1-2):41-51
Progress made in the in situ gynogenesis technique since 1990 now allows production of a high number of maize (Zea mays L.) doubled-haploid (DH) lines. The aim of the study was to compare DH lines versus selfing lines for testcross performance.
DH and single-seed descent (SSD) lines were produced from random S1 progenies of a broad-base population. For grain yield, kernel moisture, plant height, ear height and leaf length, the three
population means were similar. Except for kernel moisture, the genetic variance of DH lines was nearly twice as high as the
genetic variance of S1 families, as expected. On the other hand, genetic variance among SSD lines was only 1.5 times higher than the genetic variance
of S1 families. This lower variance could be due to a selection bias in the method of production of SSD lines. However, for all
traits, heritability of SSD or DH lines was higher than heritability of S1 families. Epistasis effects in DH progenies were not significant. The consequence was a high correlation between S1 testcross progenies and DH or SSD testcross progenies, meaning that the S1 testcross value can be used to select the best families from which DH lines will be extracted. As a whole, the observed variation
in DH lines appeared to be more in accordance with the observed variation among S1 families than with the observed variation among SSD lines. 相似文献
8.
Riley MB Dumas JA Gbur EE Massey JH Mattice JD Mersie W Mueller TC Potter T Senseman SA Watson E 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(13):5079-5083
An interlaboratory study was conducted to compare pesticide recovery from Empore C(18) and Speedisks C(18)XF solid phase extraction disks after shipping. Four pesticides were used for the comparison of the two disk extraction materials: atrazine, diazinon, metolachlor, and tebuconazole. These pesticides were chosen to provide a range of physiochemical properties. Water samples were extracted onto the disk types and shipped to a cooperating laboratory for elution and analysis. The mean recoveries from Empore disks were atrazine, 95%; diazinon, 91%; metolachlor, 92%; and tebuconazole, 83%. The recoveries from Speedisks C(18)XF were atrazine, 89%; diazinon, 87%; metolachlor, 86%; and tebuconazole, 79%. Means for each of the pesticides using the different disk types were not statistically different (alpha = 0.05), but results were more variable when using Speedisks C(18)XF as compared to Empore disks. Reasons for the increased variability are discussed, but overall results indicate that Speedisks C(18)XF could be used as an alternative to Empore disks. Speedisks C(18)XF are enclosed in a plastic housing, so they can be used more easily in remote sampling sites without the possibility of glassware breakage, no prefiltration of samples is needed, and there are realignment problems that can be associated with the Empore disks. 相似文献
9.
Spencer JR Stern SA Cheng AF Weaver HA Reuter DC Retherford K Lunsford A Moore JM Abramov O Lopes RM Perry JE Kamp L Showalter M Jessup KL Marchis F Schenk PM Dumas C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5848):240-243
Jupiter's moon Io is known to host active volcanoes. In February and March 2007, the New Horizons spacecraft obtained a global snapshot of Io's volcanism. A 350-kilometer-high volcanic plume was seen to emanate from the Tvashtar volcano (62 degrees N, 122 degrees W), and its motion was observed. The plume's morphology and dynamics support nonballistic models of large Io plumes and also suggest that most visible plume particles condensed within the plume rather than being ejected from the source. In images taken in Jupiter eclipse, nonthermal visible-wavelength emission was seen from individual volcanoes near Io's sub-Jupiter and anti-Jupiter points. Near-infrared emission from the brightest volcanoes indicates minimum magma temperatures in the 1150- to 1335-kelvin range, consistent with basaltic composition. 相似文献
10.
An in vitro system for adhesion and fusion of maize gametes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The development of in vitro fertilization systems in flowering plants is important for understanding and controlling the mechanisms of fertilization. Here a method is described in which isolated maize gametes fuse. In a medium containing 5 mM calcium chloride, sperm and egg cells adhere for several minutes and then fuse within 10 seconds. The method is specific to male-female gamete pairs and results in 80 percent fusion, whereas fusions with other combinations of gametic and mesophyllic cells are less frequent. Eggs fertilized in vitro do not fuse with additional male gametes, which suggests that a block to polyspermy exists. 相似文献