Replacement of Shortening in Yellow Layer Cakes by Corn Dextrins

Shortening in a conventional yellow layer cake was replaced by maltodextrin (MD), amylodextrin (AD), octenyl succinylated amylodextrin (OSAD), or mixtures (MD+AD and MD+OSAD). The physical and sensory characteristics of the shortening‐free cakes were investigated. The specific gravity and viscosity of the cake batter, and the volume index of the baked cake were significantly reduced by MD, whereas the cake with added AD or OSAD showed a higher volume index than the control cake containing the shortening. An equivalent mixture of MD and AD, or MD and OSAD, however, produced cakes with a volume index and color defined as ΔE*(ab) that was similar to the control cake. Sensory evaluation revealed that the cakes containing AD or OSAD had significantly higher firmness than the control, but the cakes containing a mixture of MD and AD had firmness, springiness, and overall flavor scores similar to that of the control cake. According to instrumental texture profile analysis (TPA), MD addition, either alone or mixed with AD or OSAD, reduced firmness, whereas AD addition made the cake significantly firmer. When the shortening‐free cakes were stored for eight days at 4°C, TPA revealed greater changes in cake firmness and adhesiveness for MD alone. Cakes made from mixtures of dextrins (MD+AD and MD+OSAD) showed textural change with storage similar to that of the control cake, although the MD+AD cake remained softer than the control.     

Evaluation of the effects of transplanting date shifts and drainage outlet raising management practices in paddy farming regions under future climates using coupled APEX-Paddy and SWAT models

Paddy and Water Environment - Predicting adaptation and the response of agricultural water resources to climate change is a challenging. As changes in future climate will change agricultural...     

Application of a temporary palatal prosthesis in a puppy suffering from cleft palate

A 3-month-old Schnauzer was presented with congenital defects of the secondary palate. On the clinical examination, coughing, sneezing, drainage of nasal discharge from the external nares and poor growth were found. Vital signs and results of blood examination were within normal ranges. Thoracic radiography revealed mild pneumonia in the right lung lobes. In a puppy suffering from cleft palates, a palatal prosthesis was applied to the hard palate in order to protect the surgical wound, because a routine surgery was not successful. A palatal prosthesis was applied and held in place using the instant glue and plastic bands to protect the surgical wound following the third repeated surgery. Although a small oronasal fistula still remained, there was no functional defect. This prosthesis was easy to apply and helpful to protect the surgical wound. In addition, this implant could be placed or adjusted without or sedation/anesthesia.     

Flavor, color, and vitamin C retention of pulsed electric field processed orange juice in different packaging materials

Effects of packaging materials, storage temperature, and time on the stability of pulsed electric field (PEF) processed orange juice were investigated. Single-strength orange juice was treated with PEF at an electric field strength of 35 kV/cm for 59 micros using an integrated pilot plant scale PEF processing and glovebox packaging system. The retention of eight orange juice aroma compounds, color, and vitamin C in glass, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high-density polyethylene, and low-density polyethylene were evaluated at 4 and 22 degrees C for 112 days. Packaging material had a significant effect (p < or = 0.05) on the retention of orange juice aroma compounds, color, and vitamin C. PEF-treated orange juice had a shelf life of >16 weeks in glass and PET at 4 degrees C.     

APEX-Paddy model simulation of hydrology,total nitrogen,and rice yield for different agricultural activities in paddy fields

Paddy and Water Environment - Existing agro-hydrological models to explore the effects of paddy management practices on hydrology and water quality suffer from multiple shortcomings because they...     

Fumigant and contact toxicity of Myrtaceae plant essential oils and blends of their constituents against adults of German cockroach (Blattella germanica) and their acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity

Fumigant and contact toxicities of 11 Myrtaceae plant essential oils and their constituents against adult male and female Blattella germanica were evaluated. Of 11 Myrtaceae plant essential oils, Eucalyptus polybractea, Eucalyptussmithii, Eucalyptusradiata, Eucalyptusdives, Eucalyptusglobulus, and Melaleuca uncinata, showed 100% fumigant toxicity against adult male German cockroaches at a concentration of 7.5 mg/liter air concentration. In contact toxicity tests, E. polybractea, E. smithii, E. radiata, E. dives, E. globulus, Melaleucadissitiflora, and M. uncinata produced strong insecticidal activity against adult male and female German cockroaches. Of the essential oil constituents, terpinolene, α-terpinene, and terpinen-4-ol demonstrated strong fumigant toxicity against adult male and female B. germanica. Eugenol, isoeugenol, methyl eugenol, and terpinen-4-ol showed strong contact toxicity against adult male B. germanica. The toxicity of the constituent blends identified from M. dissitiflora essential oils indicated that terpinen-4-ol were major contributor to the fumigant activity or contact toxicity of the artificial blend. Only isoeugenol exhibited inhibition activity against male acetylcholinesterase. IC₅₀ values of isoeugenol were 0.22 mg/mL against male acetylcholinesterase.     

Lactobacilli Improve the Antioxidant Activity in Fermented Coriolus versicolor Extract

Coriolus versicolor has been reported to have biological activities such as anticancer, antibacterial, antibiotics and immunopotentiation. The authors tried to ferment using lactobacilli associated with various biological functions and expected that fermented extract by lactobacilli will be superior to non-fermented extract in antioxidant activity. C. versicolor was extracted with 70% ethanol and then it was fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus KCTC3164 and Lactobacillus plantarum KCTC3099, respectively. 1,l-dipheny｜-2-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） scavenging activity, superoxide dismutase （SOD）-like activity and tetrazolium salt 3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT） assays were performed. DPPH scavenging activity of fermented extract by L. acidophilus was higher than fermented extract by L. plantarum and antioxidant effect of fermented extract was 20%-30% higher than non-fermented extract. SOD-like activity was represented 18% in fermented extract by L. acidophilus, and was 27% in fermented extract by L. plantarum higher than non-fermented extract. As a result, this study suggests that it may need an efficient protocol for dominant bio-physiological activities such as extract volume or appropriate working volume of cultured cell or mixture condition. The fermented C. versicolor extract should provide with useful antioxidant agent in the human skin.     

Runoff simulation considering the effects of hydraulic structures on agricultural water uses

For the efficient management of water resources in the target basin, this study proposed a method to improve the reliability of a long-term hydrological simulation model by applying to the model agricultural water more approximate to actual water uses (than planned water demands) through their adjustment based on the effects of small-scale hydraulic structures. To verify agricultural water uses estimated using the proposed method, they were applied to a basin management model. And then, simulated runoff at main station points was compared with measured runoff. As a result, there occurred errors with large differences from measured data, mainly, at station points where their dependency on river water was high. To verify simulated return rate, return rate for a test zone was estimated, and then compared with the simulated return rate. Correlations between annual rainfall and runoff errors were analyzed. As a result, it was found that those errors were enlarged in dry years. Long-term runoff simulation analysis showed that simulated runoff came to be negative when a farming season began. This could be significantly improved using water uses adjusted to consider the effects of small-scale hydraulic structures. Also, correlation analysis quantitatively confirmed that simulated runoff after adjustment was more correlated with measured runoff than before adjustment. Finally, fitness tests for runoff simulations before and after adjustment were carried out through a residual analysis to analyze residual normality and independence. As a result, the fitness of runoff simulation after adjustment was significantly improved.     

In vitro development of canine somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos in different culture media

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of three different culture media on the development of canine somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryos. Canine cloned embryos were cultured in modified synthetic oviductal fluid (mSOF), porcine zygote medium-3 (PZM-3), or G1/G2 sequential media. Our results showed that the G1/G2 media yielded significantly higher morula and blastocyst development in canine SCNT embryos (26.1% and 7.8%, respectively) compared to PZM-3 (8.5% and 0%) or mSOF (2.3% and 0%) media. In conclusion, this study suggests that blastocysts can be produced more efficiently using G1/G2 media to culture canine SCNT embryos.