Antioxidant activity of uruguayan propolis. In vitro and cellular assays

The antioxidant capacity of propolis from the southern region of Uruguay was evaluated using in vitro as well as cellular assays. Free radical scavenging capacity was assessed by ORAC, obtaining values significantly higher than those of other natural products (8000 μmol Trolox equiv/g propolis). ORAC values correlated well with total polyphenol content (determined by Folin-Ciocalteu method) and UV absorption. Total polyphenol content (150 mg gallic acid equiv/g propolis) and flavonoids (45 mg quercetin equiv/g propolis) were similar to values reported for southern Brazilian (group 3) and Argentinean propolis. Flavonoid composition determined by RP-HPLC indicates a strong poplar-tree origin. Samples high in polyphenols efficiently inhibit low-density lipoprotein lipoperoxidation and tyrosine nitration. In addition, Uruguayan propolis was found to induce the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and inhibit endothelial NADPH oxidase, suggesting a potential cardiovascular benefit by increasing nitric oxide bioavailability in the endothelium.     

Effects of flunixin meglumine in dogs following experimentally induced endotoxemia

Twelve dogs were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 dogs were given Escherichia coli endotoxin and then treated with flunixin meglumine. Group 2 dogs were given endotoxin as group 1, but untreated. Group 3 dogs were given flunixin meglumine alone. The dogs were monitored clinically and urine and serum samples were collected at regular intervals for 72 hours. All surviving dogs were humanely killed after 72 hours and examined for gross and histologic lesions. Group 1 dogs all survived 72 hours, but showed prerenal azotemia, hepatocellular damage, hemorrhagic enteritis, and numerous gastric ulcerations. Three of the four dogs in group 2 died before 72 hours. Group 2 dogs showed many of the same chemical and hemodynamic changes as group 1. They had severe hemorrhage into the intestinal lumen; however, there were no gastric ulcerations. Group 3 dogs all survived and showed little physical or hematologic change. The study suggested the following: 1) flunixin meglumine was an effective drug in ameliorating the fatal effects of canine endotoxemia, 2) the effects of endotoxin in combination with flunixin meglumine, at 1.1 mg/kg body weight, caused gastric ulcerations, and 3) in normal dogs flunixin meglumine at 1.1 mg/kg body weight did not cause severe side effects or gross lesions.     

A COMPARISON OF IOPAMIDOL AND METRIZAMIDE FOR CERVICAL MYELOGRAPHY IN THE DOG

Cervical myelography using iopamidol, a new nonionic contrast medium, was studied in nine dogs. Postmyelographic seizure activity, motor evoked potentials, and rectal temperatures were monitored, and myelographic quality was subjectively evaluated. The results were compared with data from eight dogs that had metrizamide myelography. The iopamidol group had fewer seizures ( p < 0.01) but exhibited no difference in motor evoked potential or rectal temperature recordings. Myelographic quality was similar for iopamidol and metrizamide. The study suggests that iopamidol was less neurotoxic than metrizamide for canine cervical myelography.     

Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in dogs

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 in the urinary bladder epithelium of clinically normal dogs and in transitional cell carcinoma cells of dogs. ANIMALS: 21 dogs with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder and 8 dogs with clinically normal urinary bladders. PROCEDURE: COX-1 and COX-2 were evaluated by use of isoform-specific antibodies with standard immunohistochemical methods. RESULT: COX-1, but not COX-2, was constitutively expressed in normal urinary bladder epithelium; however, COX-2 was expressed in neoplastic epithelium in primary tumors and in metastatic lesions of all 21 dogs and in new proliferating blood vessels in 3 dogs. Also, COX-1 was expressed in the neoplastic cells. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Lack of expression of COX-2 in normal bladder epithelium and its substantial expression in transitional cell carcinoma cells suggest that this isoform may be involved in tumor cell growth. Inhibition of COX-2 is a likely mechanism of the antineoplastic effects of non steroidal antiinflammatory drugs.