马肠道微生物组成及影响因素的研究进展

马肠道微生物群对其营养消化及维持机体健康具有重要作用,肠道不同部位的微生物具有不同功能,易受到各种因素的影响。马肠道正常微生物群结构遭到破坏,可导致肠道微生物失衡和机体功能紊乱,进而引起多种疾病。介绍了马肠道不同部位的微生物群结构组成特征,阐述了影响马肠道微生物群变化的各类因素,以期为改善马肠道营养健康、开发马健康监测和疾病预防工具提供科学依据,也为马肠道微生物研究提供新的视角。     

On the morphology of the liver in the two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus)

The liver of a two-humped camel (Camelus bactrianus) was examined by means of gross anatomy and histology. The liver appeared characteristically as an enlarged triangle in visceral aspect, and showed the following lobation: the left lateral and medial lobes, the right lobe, the caudate lobe and the quadrate lobe. These findings were similar to those for the one-humped camel. Histologically, a distinct lobulation, a typical arrangement of the interlobular connective tissue, and the trias was confirmed.     

蒙古马血液蛋白(酶)多态性研究

研究分别对乌珠穆沁马、乌审马、锡尼河马和巴尔虎马4个蒙古马类群共计221匹马的运铁蛋白（Tf）、前白蛋白（Pr）、血清酯酶（Es）、白蛋白（ALb）、碳酸酐酶（CA）、α1-B糖蛋白（A1B）、6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶（PGD）、VD结合蛋白（GC）8个蛋白座位进行检测。群体遗传变异指标计算结果表明,4个类群蒙古马8个蛋白（酶）座位的平均杂合度为：锡尼河马0.3783,巴尔虎马0.3666,乌珠穆沁马0.3296,乌审马0.3056。根据基因频率计算Nei氏遗传距离进行分析。结果表明,巴尔虎马和锡尼河马之间的遗传距离最近,它们与乌珠穆沁马、乌审马的遗传距离相对较远。     

The Guttural Pouch is not Present in the White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum); Morphology of the Eustachian Tube and Nasopharynx

The nasopharynx and eustachian tube (auditory tube) were morphologically examined in the white rhinoceros. The narrow nasopharynx cavity was enlarged dorsoventrally. The most lateral part of both sides sharply rises in a dorsal direction and the volume is estimated at 173 cc. The eustachian tube is 145 mm in length from the auditory bulla to the nasopharynx. The hyaline cartilage is well-developed in the middle region of the eustachian tube wall. The results demonstrated that the white rhinoceros does not have a guttural pouch. We suggest that the occurrence of the guttural pouch may not be dependent on the phylogenetic status of perissodactyls such as horse, donkey and tapir.     

保种与选育的关系研究——荣昌猪纯繁及导血选育保种结果分析

为验证保种与选育相结合的保种方法的可行性,本文系统地分析了荣昌猪相同方向的纯繁选育及导血选育的试验结果.事实证明,只要目标明确,保种与选育是完全可以同时进行的,两者并不对抗.通过分析还发现了荣昌猪保种与开发利用的另一新的有效途径,即荣昌猪♂×(丹麦长白猪♂×荣昌猪♀)♀的导入杂交(含外血25%)选育模式.引入适当的外血选育的目的是为保存荣昌猪的优点(如肉质好等),改正其缺点(如生长慢等).选育结果表明,其生产比较符合国内市场需求的瘦肉型要求,现阶段瘦肉率(瘦肉率既是荣昌猪的保种性状,也是选育提高的性状)已达52.63%.     

CT examination of the guttural pouch (auditory tube diverticulum) in Przewalski's Horse (Equus przewalskii).

The domestic horse (Equus caballus) have the large symmetrical guttural pouches (the auditory tube diverticulum) formed by saccate bulge of the auditory tube. In this study, CT examination was carried out in the head of Przewalski's horse (Equus przewalskii), the only true wild horse living at present. As results of the examination, Przewalski's horse possessed the large symmetrical guttural pouches divided into medial and lateral compartments by the stylohyoid bone. Moreover, the right and left guttural pouches meet each other at the median part to form a thin septum. As CT sections get close to the part of the occipital condyle, the lateral compartment disappeared, and the medial compartment gradually became small toward the base of the skull. These results indicate that the nuchal-basal part of the medial compartment is not well-developed as compared with the domestic horse.     

饲喂方式对德州驴生长性能、营养物质消化率和盲肠微生物多样性的影响

本试验旨在研究饲喂方式对德州驴生长性能、营养物质消化率和盲肠微生物多样性的影响。选择体重[(215±10)kg]相近、2周岁左右的健康德州公驴15头,随机分为C1组(饲喂方式为先粗后精)、C2组(饲喂方式为先精后粗)、C3组[饲喂方式为全混合日粮(TMR)],每组5头,预试期7 d,正试期75 d。结果显示:1)C2组平均日增重极显著高于C1和C3组(P≤0.01),C1组干物质和酸性洗涤纤维消化率以C1组最高,C3组次之,C2组最低,C1组与C2组间存在显著差异(P≤0.05)。2)饲喂方式对德州驴盲肠微生物组成有一定影响。在门水平上,各组盲肠微生物均以厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)为主(二者占比>75%),其次为螺旋体菌门(Spirochaetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和纤维杆菌门(Fibrobacteres),且C2组厚壁菌门相对丰度高于C1组和C3组;在属水平上,将401个属中相对丰度低于1%的属聚为其他(占比>75%)后,各组均以其他为优势菌属;随后,C1组以螺旋体科未定义属(unidenti⁃fied⁃Spirochaetaceae)和厌氧孤菌属(Anaerovirbrio)为主,C2组以厌氧孤菌属、链球菌属(Strepto⁃coccus)和螺旋体科未定义属为主,C3组则以乳酸杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和螺旋体科未定义属为主。3)通过UPGMAA聚类树、主成分分析和物种差异性分析发现,3组德州驴盲肠微生物组成不同,且C2组与其他2组差别较大,C1组和C3组可聚为一类。综上可知,饲喂方式可极显著影响德州驴的平均日增重,显著影响干物质和酸性洗涤纤维消化率,并可改变盲肠微生物组成。     

酸马奶中分离到的乳酸菌耐酸性及抗霉菌活性的研究

从锡林郭勒盟正蓝旗采集的3份酸马奶样品中分离得到30株菌株,未分离到球菌,均为杆菌,分别鉴定为:Lactobacillus coryniformis subsp.Torquens、Lb.bifermentans、Lb.amylophilus、Lb.helueticus和Lb.delbrueckii subsp.Bulgarcus。并从这5种乳酸菌中选出6株菌株进行了耐酸实验及抗霉菌活性测定。结果为:所测菌株均对酸的耐受性良好。选出的菌株Lb.coryniformis subsp.Torquens1、Lb.bifermentans2、Lb.amylophilus3、Lb.helueticus5对本试验中使用的6株霉菌具有较广的抗霉菌活性,其抗霉菌效果一般;菌株Lb.helueticus4、Lb.helueticus5虽然是从同一类群中选出来的,但其抗霉菌效果明显不同;菌株Lb.delbrueckii subsp.Bulgarcus6其抗霉菌活性不是最广的,但对Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.Cucumerinum JCM9284具有较强抗性。     

马IGF-Ⅰ基因3′端侧翼区PCR-SSCP多态性分析(英文)

[Objective] To explore the polymorphism of the 3′ flank region of equine IGF-Ⅰ gene. [Method] The 3′ flank region sequences of IGF-Ⅰ gene were amplified from genomic DNA of 270 horses, which included 4 types of Mongolian horse, Sanhe horse and Thoroughbred, and then analyzed by PCR-SSCP. [Result] Three genotypes (AA, BB and AB) were detected by PCR-SSCP and the distribution of genotypes of all research objects except Xinihe horse and Baerhu horse were in line with the "Hardy-Weinberg Law". [Conclusion] There was a polymorphic locus in the 3′ flank region of IGF-Ⅰ gene, which might affect the equine growth and development mechanism. The study is of important theoretical and practical significance to improve the performance and to develop equine industry.