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1.
Holm P.E. Christensen T.H. Lorenz S.E. Hamon R.E. Domingues H.C. Sequeira E.M. McGrath S.P. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1998,102(1-2):105-115
Soil water concentrations of cadmium and zinc were measured in plant pots with 15 contaminated soils which differed in origin, texture, pH (5.1 – 7.8) and concentrations of cadmium (0.2 – 17 mg Cd kg-1) and zinc (36 – 1300 mg Zn kg-1). The soil waters contained total concentrations of 0.5 to 17 µg Cd L-1 and 9 to 3600 µg Zn L-1, which were dominated by free metal ions as measured by an ion exchange-resin method. Annual leaching outflows were estimated from soil water concentrations to be 0.5 – 17 g Cd ha-1 y-1 and 9 – 3600 g Zn ha-1 y-1 per 100 mm of net percolation, corresponding to 0.1% per year of the total soil content of cadmium and zinc. The measured soil water concentrations of cadmium and zinc did not correlate linearly with the corresponding soil concentrations but correlated fairly well with concentrations measured in Ca(NO3)2 extracts of the soils and with soil water concentrations estimated from soil concentrations and pH. Such concentration estimates may be useful for estimating amounts of cadmium and zinc being leached from soils. 相似文献
2.
The tepals of 28 Chilean species of Alstroemeria and 183 interspecific hybrids were analysed for anthocyanin content by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The anthocyanins were identified as 3-rutinosides of 6-hydroxydelphinidin, 6-hydroxyeyanidin, cyanidin, and delphinidin and 3-glyeosides of cyanidin and delphinidin, some of which were acylated with malonic acid. Comparisons of the anthocyanin contents in parents and offspring showed that no anthocyanidin or acylation pattern was dominant, and that offspring values were close to mid-parent values for the percentage of malonated anthocyanins, whereas the inheritance of cyanidin, 6-hydroxycyanidin, and delphinidin seems more complicated. Flower colour, hue, and intensity were measured by CIELab in fresh tepals and compared with their anthocyanin content and the estimated flavonoid concentrations. Colour intensity was positively correlated with anthocyanin concentration. Compared with flowers containing exclusively cyanidin 3-glycosides, the hues of flowers with delphinidin 3-glycosides were bluer and with 6-hydroxycyanidin 3-glycosides redder, respectively. Both malonation of anthocyanin and co-pigmentation with flavonoids caused a shift to bluish hues, irrespective of the anthocyanidins. By quantifying both chemical and colorimetric characteristics a model for the effect of anthocyanin on Alstroemeria flower colour was established. Breeding of new cultivars of Alstroemeria is discussed. 相似文献
3.
Morten Eikenes Gry Alfredsen Bjørn Erik Christensen Holger Militz Halvor Solheim 《Journal of Wood Science》2005,51(4):387-394
Fungi cause serious problems in wood utilization, and environmentally benign wood protection is required as an alternative to traditional chemicals. Chitosan has shown promising antimicrobial properties against several microorganisms. In this study, we present the characterization of and antifungal properties of a commercial chitosan formulation developed for impregnation of wood. A broad range of chemical and mycological methods were used to evaluate the uptake, fixation, and antifungal properties of chitosan for wood preservation. The results show that the higher the uptake of chitosan the lower the relative recovery of chitosan in wood after leaching, and the higher the molecular weight of chitosan the higher the recovery. Chitosan with high molecular weight proved to be more efficient against decay fungi than chitosan with low molecular weight. The fungi tested on chitosan-amended nutrient agar medium were totally inhibited at 1% (w/v) concentration. In decay studies using small wood blocks, 4.8% (w/v) chitosan concentration gave the best protection against brown rot fungi. 相似文献
4.
Ingrid K Thomsen Per SchjønningJørgen E Olesen Bent T Christensen 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(6):765-774
The turnover of native and applied C and N in undisturbed soil samples of different texture but similar mineralogical composition, origin and cropping history was evaluated at −10 kPa water potential. Cores of structurally intact soil with 108, 224 and 337 g clay kg−1 were horizontially sliced and 15N-labelled sheep faeces was placed between the two halves of the intact core. The cores together with unamended treatments were incubated in the dark at 20 °C and the evolution of CO2-C determined continuously for 177 d. Inorganic and microbial biomass N and 15N were determined periodically. Net nitrification was less in soil amended with faeces compared with unamended soil. When adjusted for the NO3-N present in soil before faeces was applied, net nitrification became negative indicating that NO3-N had been immobilized or denitrified. The soil most rich in clay nitrified least N and 15N. The amounts of N retained in the microbial biomass in unamended soils increased with clay content. A maximum of 13% of the faeces 15N was recovered in the microbial biomass in the amended soils. CO2-C evolution increased with clay content in amended and unamended soils. CO2-C evolution from the most sandy soil was reduced due to a low content of potentially mineralizable native soil C whereas the rate constant of C mineralization rate peaked in this soil. When the pool of potentially mineralizable native soil C was assumed proportional to volumetric water content, the three soils contained similar proportions of potentially mineralizable native soil C but the rate constant of C mineralization remained highest in the soil with least clay. Thus although a similar availability of water in the three soils was ensured by their identical matric potential, the actual volume of water seemed to determine the proportion of total C that was potentially mineralizable. The proportion of mineralizable C in the faeces was similar in the three soils (70% of total C), again with a higher rate constant of C mineralization in the soil with least clay. It is hypothesized that the pool of potentially mineralizable C and C rate constants fluctuate with the soil water content. 相似文献
5.
6.
Stems of Chenopodium album . and Sinapis arvensis . and leaves of Lolium perenne . were cut with a CO2 laser or with a pair of scissors. Treatments were carried out on greenhouse-grown pot plants at three different growth stages and at two heights. Plant dry matter was measured 2 to 5 weeks after treatment. The relationship between dry weight and laser energy was analysed using a non-linear dose–response regression model. The regression parameters differed significantly between the weed species. At all growth stages and heights S. arvensis was more difficult to cut with a CO2 laser than C. album . When stems were cut below the meristems, 0.9 and 2.3 J mm−1 of CO2 laser energy dose was sufficient to reduce by 90% the biomass of C. album and S. arvensis respectively. Regrowth appeared when dicotyledonous plant stems were cut above meristems, indicating that it is important to cut close to the soil surface to obtain a significant effect. When cutting L. perenne plants with 2-true leaves at a height of 2 cm from the soil surface with a laser, the biomass decreased significantly compared with plants cut by scissors, indicating a delay in regrowth. This delay was not observed for the dicotyledonous plants nor for the other growth stages of L. perenne . 相似文献
7.
Møller JK Parolari G Gabba L Christensen J Skibsted LH 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(5):1224-1230
Parma hams at various processing stages were investigated by surface autofluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence \"landscapes\" of raw meat and salted (3 months), matured (11 and 12 months), and aged (15 and 18 months) Parma hams were obtained, and a three-dimensional data array (sample x emission x excitation) was used to develop a PARAFAC model including five components, which all exhibited characteristics of pure fluorophores regarding both excitation and emission spectra. The relative amount of each component related strongly to the processing stage, and sample age showed good correlation to fluorescence data (R = 0.98), with a relative error of prediction of approximately 1 month. Fluorescence measurements from samples of either semimembranosus or biceps femoris were used to predict chemical or sensory reference data, yielding good correlation for biceps femoris data, thereby enabling moisture content, sensory and instrumental color, and proteolysis value to be fairly well predicted. Overall, surface autofluorescence of Parma hams proved to hold relevant information, relating to major chemical/physical changes during processing. It is concluded that fluorescence spectroscopy has potential as an innovative method of quality control in dry-cured ham. 相似文献
8.
Søren Christensen 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1983,15(5):531-536
The emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) from soil under grass was measured, following applications of cow slurry and NH4NO3 fertilizer. The N2O-flux from untreated soil averaged 0.58 mg Nm?2 day?1 through April to August. Application of slurry at the end of April and at the middle of July caused increases in the daily N2O-flux of up to 40-fold, compared to untreated grass. Applications of NH4NO3 increased the N2O-flux up to 5 times during the same period. The N2O-flux often showed marked diurnal fluctuations. These fluctuations are not solely associated with change in temperature, but may also be related to grass root activity and to photosynthesis. 相似文献
9.
D. L. Baggesen H. C. Wegener F. Bager H. Stege J. Christensen 《Preventive veterinary medicine》1996,26(3-4):201-213
As a part of a nationwide programme to survey and control salmonella in pig herds, a microbiological survey of 1363 pig herds was performed in Denmark. A total of 13 468 slaughter pigs were examined at slaughter by culture of 5 g of caecal contents. Overall, 30 different serotypes of Salmonella enterica were isolated from 832 pigs (6.2%). The predominant serotype was S. Typhimurium, comprising 536 (64.4%) of the isolates. Four hundred and forty-eight isolates of S. Typhimurium were examined by phage typing, resulting in detection of 17 different phage types (definitive types, DT) with DT12 being the most frequent (49.1%).
Salmonella enterica was found in 302 herds (22.2%), S. Typhimurium was found in 61.1% of these. 279 (23.1%) large herds (producing more than 2600 slaughter pigs per year) were found to be salmonella positive compared with 23 (14.7 %) small herds (annual production of 500 to 550 slaughter pigs). Practical constraints in the study design did not allow for a firm conclusion on the interplay among herd size, geographical location and occurrence of salmonella.
In 284 of 302 infected herds (94.0%) only one serotype was detected. Infections with two different serovars were seen in 18 herds (6.0%). 相似文献
10.
E Larsen M F Andreasen L P Christensen 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2001,49(7):3471-3475
Dehydrodimers of hydroxycinnamates play an important role in the cross-linking of plant cell walls. An aqueous solution of quaternary ammonium salts with a long aliphatic chain is known to spontaneously organize itself into micelles with the ionic part at the outer sphere. It is shown that regioisomeric ferulic acid dehydrodimers can be obtained in one step from trans-ferulic acid after attachment to these micelles and using the biomimetic peroxidase-H2O2 system. The surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide yielded trans-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylic acid (25%), (E,E)-4,4'-dihydroxy-5,5'-dimethoxy-3,3'-bicinnamic acid (21%), and trans-5-[(E)-2-carboxyvinyl]-2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-carboxylic acid (14%), whereas the surfactant tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide gave 4-cis, 8-cis-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane-2,6-dione (18%) as the main product. The use of micelles appears to be not only a new way to synthesize regioisomeric ferulic acid dehydrodimers but may also help to understand the regiospecificity of dimeric hydroxycinnamate formation in vivo. 相似文献