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Plague, caused by Yersinia pestis, is a flea-borne disease that is endemic in areas throughout the world due to its successful maintenance in a sylvatic cycle, mainly in areas with temperate climates. Burrowing rodents are thought to play a key role in the enzootic maintenance as well as epizootic outbreaks of plague. In the United States, prairie dogs (Cynomys), rodents (Muridae), and ground squirrels (Spermophilus) are susceptible to infection and are parasitized by fleas that transmit plague. In particular, prairie dogs can experience outbreaks that rapidly spread, which can lead to extirpation of colonies. A number of ecological parameters, including climate, are associated with these epizootics. In this study, we asked whether soil parameters, primarily moisture and temperature, are associated with outbreaks of plague in black-tailed prairie dogs and Gunnison's prairie dogs in the Western United States, and at what depth these associations were apparent. We collected publicly available county-level information on the occurrence of population declines or colony extirpation, while historical soil data was collected from SCAN and USCRN stations in counties and states where prairie dogs have been located. The analysis suggests that soil moisture at lower depths correlates with colony die-offs, in addition to temperature near the surface, with key differences within the landscape ecology that impact the occurrence of plague. Overall, the model suggests that the burrow environment may play a significant role in the epizootic spread of disease amongst black-tailed and Gunnison's prairie dogs. 相似文献
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Abstract. The specificity and kinetics of the immune response of rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) to single injections of an O-antigen extracted from the bacterial pathogen Yersinia ruckeri , which causes enteric redmouth in fish, were investigated by the passive haemolytic plaque assay and serum antibody quantitation. Doses ranging from 5 ng to 500 mg in 10-fold increments were injected intraperitoneally into groups of trout held at 17 × 1°5°C. The occurrence of plaque forming cells (PFC) and humoral antibody was followed for 35 days after injection. Trout gave an immune response to doses of 500 ng and above. Seven days after injection no humoral antibody was detected, but PFC were found in the spleen. The maximum PFC numbers occurred 11 days after injection. On day 21, few PFC were found, whereas serum antibody titres were highest. The antibody from immunized trout showed little or no cross-reactions with sheep red blood cells passively labelled With antigens from other fish pathogens. 相似文献
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Interference of Sinapis arvensis L. (wild mustard) and Chenopodium album L. (lamb's-quarters) in spring rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was studied under field conditions in 1983 and 1984. Both weed species interfered with rapeseed early in the growing season, causing significant reductions in rapeseed dry weight by June of each year. Sinapis arvensis caused greater rapeseed grain yield reductions than did C. album. With weed densities of 20–80 plants m?2, rapeseed grain yield reductions ranged from 19 to 77% with S. arvensis but only 20 to 25% with C. album. Rapeseed yield reductions caused by mixtures of both weed species ranged from being less than to being equal to the sum of reductions caused by each weed alone, depending on the weed density and year of study. Both weed species were prolific seed producers capable of returning large quantities of seed to the soil. With weed densities ranging from 10–80 plants m?2, S. arvensis produced 5700–30 100 seeds m?2 while C. album produced 3100–63 600 seeds m?2. 相似文献
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Hydrochemical Fluxes and their Effects on Stream Acidity in Two Forested Catchments in Central Scotland 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The hydrochemical fluxes and budgets have been determined fortwo forested catchments, including inputs, tree throughfalland stemflow, soil water throughflow and output streams. Themajor vegetational induced differences are the enrichment ofsodium, chloride, sulphate and particularly hydrogen by Sitkaspruce compared to Norway spruce. These increased concentrationsare primarily due to vegetation interception along with crownleaching, both of which contribute to sulphate enhancement.Soil throughflow and consequent stream chemistries reflect thesespecies effects with additional enrichment both due to geologicalweathering of base cations as well as possible desorption ormineralization processes. Norway spruce vegetation and the associatedpodzolic soils show no net stream acidification (pH 4.61) ofinputs (pH 4.65), whereas Sitka spruce on gleyed soils showconsiderable stream acidification (pH 4.02) compared with similarinputs (pH 4.50). Both streams have similar sulphate concentrations,but this important mobile anion is associated primarily withhydrogen in the Sitka spruce dominated Kelty catchment whereasat Chon it is associated with base cations as well as hydrogen. 相似文献