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1.
A stranded young pygmy sperm whale was nursed for four days in a pool, fed an artificial diet via a stomach tube and injected intramuscularly with antibiotics and corticosteroids. Initially unable to maintain her balance or to swim, she showed progressive improvement and by the third day could swim and dive quite strongly. Early on the fifth day her condition rapidly worsened and she died. An autopsy revealed extensive deep bruising in the head and mid-abdominal regions consistent with injuries sustained during the stranding. 相似文献
2.
The first recorded outbreak of type C botulism in gulls (Larus spp.) in Britain is described. Between June and October 1975, at least 2080 gulls died around the Firth of Forth. The hot dry summer favoured the proliferation of the causative organism, Clostridium botulinum. A definite source of the botulism was not found but prompt removal of the carcases and covering the pools where Cl. botulinum was growing appeared to reduce the mortality. Immunity acquired during widespread exposure to the disease in 1975 may have prevented the reappearance of botulism during the similar climatic conditions in 1976. 相似文献
3.
R.M. Macdonald 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1980,12(4):419-423
Electron transport was demonstrated cytochemically in soil micro-organisms. After counterstaining, enzymically active and inactive cells were distinguishable. The number of active micro-organisms detected by this method ranged from ca. 11 — > 46% of the total microscopic count in several soils. The technique was also applied successfully to algae from soil crusts, micro-colonies of microorganisms removed intact from the surface of soil crumbs and to micro-organisms associated with plant roots. 相似文献
4.
Carbendazim-resistant (RS) and control (CS) strains ofFusarium sporotrichioides Sherb., previously developed in our laboratory, were exposed to graded concentrations of azoxystrob in in broth media under
shake-culture conditions for 2, 3, 4 and 8 days. Azoxystrobin concentrations were 0, 1, 10 and 100 mg 1-1 broth and cultures were incubated at a constant 25°C. Mycelial growth was significantly affected by strain (P<0.01), azoxystrobin
concentration (P<0.001) and incubation time (P<0.001). Combined results for the four incubation times showed that CS yielded
higher mycelial mass than RS (P<0.01) only in the absence of azoxystrobin. At fungicide additions of 1, 10 and 100 mg P-1 mycelial growth was reduced (P<0.001) with minimal strain differences (P>0.05) at all three doses of azoxystrobin. Significant
(P<0.05 or better) strain-fungicide interactions were recorded in trichothecene production following exposure to azoxystrobin.
At 4 and 8 days of incubation, the 10 mg 1-1 addition of azoxystrobin stimulated T-2 toxin synthesis (P<0.05) only in RS cultures. In contrast, T-2 toxin enhancement
in CS cultures occurred only on day 8 but at a lower level of azoxystrobin (1 mg1-1). Thus, the stimulation of T-2 toxin synthesis depended upon strain and azoxystrobin level. Production of diocetoxyscirpenol
(DAS) was affected by a more complex set of interactions. Overall means showed that, in comparison with initial values (on
day 2 or 3), DAS output maximized significantly(P<0.05) on day 4 in RS cultures and on day 8 in CS. Marked strain effects were observed on exposure to the 10 mg 1-1 level of azoxystrobin. At this level, DAS production was enhanced in RS only after 4 (P<0.01 ) and 8 (P<0.05) days of incubation,
while in contrast, CS reduced DAS production. As with T-2 toxin, DAS production in CS was stimulated (P<0.05 or better) only
at low exposure levels of azoxystrobin. In the case of neosolaniol (NEO), however, the main effect of strain was significant
(P<0.05), with CS producing consistently more of the mycotoxin than RS on day 4 of the experiment. At this point, the NEO:T-2
toxin ratio was also higher in CS (0.63) than in RS (0.12), a feature reported by us previously. In conclusion, the present
investigation has shown for the first time that the development of resistance to one fungicide can affect trichothecene production
inF. sporotrichioides on exposure to a second fungicide. These results have been incorporated into a new classification scheme for fungicide efficacy
which is also presented in this paper.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Oct. 7,2001. 相似文献
5.
We examined patterns of variation in richness, diversity, and composition of understory vascular plant communities in mixedwood boreal forests of varying composition (broadleaf, mixedwood, conifer) in Alberta, Canada, before and for 2 years following variable-retention harvesting (clearcut, 20 and 75% dispersed green tree retention, control). Broadleaf-dominated forests differed from mixedwood or conifer-dominated forests in that they had greater canopy cover, litter depth, soil nitrogen, warmer soils, as well as greater shrub cover, herb and shrub richness and diversity (plot scale). In contrast, conifer, and to a lesser extent mixedwood, forest had greater β diversity than broadleaf forest. Overall, mixedwood and conifer forests were similar to one another, both differed from broadleaf forest. Several species were found to be significant indicators of broadleaf forest but most of these also occurred in the other forest types. Understory composition was related to canopy composition and edaphic conditions. Variable-retention harvesting had little effect on understory cover, richness, or diversity but resulted in reduced richness and β diversity at a larger scale. The clearcut and 20% treatments affected composition in all forest types. Early successional species and those common in disturbed sites were indicators of harvesting while evergreen, shade-tolerant understory herbs were indicators of the control forest and 75% retention harvest. We conclude that it is important to maintain a range of variation in canopy composition of mixedwood forests in order to conserve the associated understory communities. The presence of conifers in these forests has a particularly important influence on understory communities. The threshold for a lifeboat effect of variable-retention harvesting is between 20 and 75% retention. Examination of richness and β diversity at a variety of scales can provide interesting information on effects of harvesting on spatial reorganization and homogenization of understory plant communities. 相似文献
6.
Seamus D. Maclennan Rosemary J. Groom David W. Macdonald Laurence G. Frank 《Biological conservation》2009,142(11):2419-2427
Lions (Panthera leo) are in decline throughout most of their range due to human persecution, largely provoked by depredation on livestock, and there is debate as to the usefulness of financial instruments to mitigate this conflict. Intending to reduce local lion-killing, the Mbirikani Predator Compensation Fund compensates members of Mbirikani Group Ranch for livestock depredation at a flat rate (close to average market value), after the kill has been verified and with penalties imposed for poor husbandry. Despite penalizing claimants, 55% of claims arose because livestock were lost in the bush. Between 1st April 2003 and 31st December 2006, 754 cattle, 80 donkeys and 1844 sheep/goats were killed (2.31% of the total livestock herd each year). Forty-three percent of kills were ascribed to spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta); leopards (Panthera pardus) and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) were blamed for 37% of cases, lions 7%, jackals (Canis mesomelas) 7% and buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and elephants (Loxodonta africana) together 6%. Significantly more attacks took place during months of lower rainfall but the rate of attacks was not related to the density of livestock on the ranch, or the ratio of wild herbivores to domestic stock. There was no correlation between local market prices and the number of claims per month. Despite compensation, at least one lion per year was killed in 2004, 2005 and 2006. We describe some features of large carnivore depredation in the study area and suggest that regional recovery of the lion population may require compensation on a wider scale. 相似文献
7.
Soluble organic nitrogen in agricultural soils 总被引:36,自引:0,他引:36
D. V. Murphy A. J. Macdonald E. A. Stockdale K. W. T. Goulding S. Fortune J. L. Gaunt P. R. Poulton J. A. Wakefield C. P. Webster W. S. Wilmer 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2000,30(5-6):374-387
The existence of soluble organic forms of N in rain and drainage waters has been known for many years, but these have not
been generally regarded as significant pools of N in agricultural soils. We review the size and function of both soluble organic
N extracted from soils (SON) and dissolved organic N present in soil solution and drainage waters (DON) in arable agricultural
soils. SON is of the same order of magnitude as mineral N and of equal size in many cases; 20–30 kg SON-N ha–1 is present in a wide range of arable agricultural soils from England. Its dynamics are affected by mineralisation, immobilisation,
leaching and plant uptake in the same way as those of mineral N, but its pool size is more constant than that of mineral N.
DON can be sampled from soil solution using suction cups and collected in drainage waters. Significant amounts of DON are
leached, but this comprises only about one-tenth of the SON extracted from the same soil. Leached DON may take with it nutrients,
chelated or complexed metals and pesticides. SON/DON is clearly an important pool in N transformations and plant uptake, but
there are still many gaps in our understanding.
Received: 10 June 1999 相似文献
8.
9.
Robert N. White BSc BVetMed Nicholas J. Macdonald BVetMed Carolyn A. Burton BVetMed PHD 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2003,44(5):514-521
A retrospective study of the use of intraoperative mesenteric portovenography (IOMP) in the surgical management of congenital portosystemic shunts in 100 dogs and cats was performed. Each portovenogram was scored using a subjective visual analogue scale (VAS) and was assessed for the presence of portal atresia or hypoplasia. VAS scores and portal hypoplasia assessments were obtained for portovenogram images obtained for each animal both before shunt manipulation (preligation) and following the temporary, complete ligation of the vessel (postligation). In each patient, surgical records were reviewed to ascertain the degree of shunt attenuation that was achieved at surgery. Hepatic portal vasculature was significantly different on postligation compared with preligation IOMP. Sixty-two percent of animals had apparent portal hypoplasia or atresia on their preligation IOMP. The majority of these (81%) had an improvement in portal vasculature on postligation IOMP. It was concluded that both preligation and postligation IOMP provided valuable information regarding the morphology of congenital portosystemic shunts. An accurate assessment of an animal's portal vasculature could only be made following the interpretation of a postligation portovenogram, and these findings significantly influenced the surgical management of the patient. Although individuals with high postligation VAS scores were more likely to achieve full shunt attenuation at surgery, there was no quantifiable relationship between IOMP findings and the degree of shunt attenuation achieved. 相似文献
10.
Nicholas J. Macdonald BVetMed Carolyn A. Burton BVetMed PhD Robert N. White BSc BVetMed 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2002,43(6):534-540
A visual analog scale and a numeric scoring scale were designed for the assessment of dynamic intraoperative mesenteric portovenography in the dog and cat. Two independent observers evaluated both scoring scales for reproducibility (differences between observers) and repeatability (within-observer differences) in the assessment of 60 trial portovenograms. Agreement (interchangeability) of both scales was evaluated by comparing the scores obtained in the assessment of 200 portovenograms obtained from 100 dogs and cats. There was no statistical difference between the two observers when scoring the same portovenogram for either the visual analog scale (p = .730, reproducibility coefficient = 17.85 units) or the numeric scoring scale (scores identical, reproducibility coefficient = 0). There was no statistical difference, for either of the observers, when the same portovenogram was assessed on two separate occasions using the visual analog scale (observer 1, p = .35, repeatability coefficient = 17.93 units; observer 2, p = .42, repeatability coefficient = 8.27 units) or the numeric scoring scale (scores given by both observers were identical, repeatability coefficient = 0 for both observers). The results of comparison between the visual analog scale and numeric scoring scale confirmed that the two scoring systems were not directly interchangeable. Although both scoring systems demonstrated good reproducibility and repeatability, the numeric scoring scale possessed a number of inherent deficiencies that suggested it was not the method of choice for the assessment of the subjective data obtained from dynamic intraoperative mesenteric portovenography. 相似文献