The intensity of resistance by mature Merino ewes against Haemonchus contortus and Tichostrongylus colubriformis in single-species and combined-species infection

Three-year-old, non-lactating and non-pregnant Merino ewes, raised on pasture under a program of strategic treatment with anthelmintic and found to be extremely resistant to "trickle" infection with Haemonchus contortus, were given single-dose infections with either H. contortus or Trichostrongylus colubriformis or both species together. The purpose was to ascertain the intensity of protective immunity against the 2 parasites in sheep with immunity acquired from a presumably slight exposure to infection. To provide a criterion, some infected ewes were immunosuppressed with corticosteroid, dexamethasone. Untreated ewes were extremely resistant to challenge infection with either 15,000 or 150,000 H. contortus or 15,000 T. colubriformis. Surprisingly, when mixed infection was given, egg counts for H. contortus were significantly elevated compared with infection by that species alone. Antibody to antigens from infective larval and adult H. contortus was measured in serum by enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) during the course of infection. Serum titres against larval antigens were significantly depressed when infections with either H. contortus or T. colubriformis were permitted by immunosuppression with dexamethasone, whereas those against adult antigen were depressed when infection with T. colubriformis was permitted.     

A survey of northern Victorian dairy farmers to investigate dairy calf management: colostrum feeding and management

Objectives

To describe colostrum management practices carried out in northern Victorian dairy herds and to identify weaknesses in these areas that may affect calf health and welfare by comparing the results with the current industry recommendations

Methods

A questionnaire to obtain information about colostrum management and calf‐rearing practices was sent to commercial dairy farming clients of Rochester Veterinary Practice between June and September 2013. The questionnaire consisted of a general herd overview and colostrum harvesting practices.

Results

The response rate was 39% (58/150). Many dairy producers were not meeting the current industry recommendations in the following areas: (1) time of removal calf from the dam, (2) relying on calf suckling colostrum from the dam to achieve adequate passive transfer, (3) failing to supplement calves with colostrum, (4) feeding inadequate volumes of colostrum, (5) delayed colostrum harvesting, (6) pooling of colostrum, (7) failing to objectively assess colostrum quality or relying on visual assessment and (8) storing colostrum for a prolonged periods of time at ambient temperatures.

Conclusion

The results from this survey highlight the need for greater awareness of industry standards for colostrum management and feeding hygiene.

     

The distribution of barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) in UK winter barley samples, 1987-1990

Improved diagnosis of barley yellow mosaic (BaYMV) and barley mild mosaic (BaMMV) viruses was obtained by adjusting the buffers used in immunospecific electron microscopy (ISEM) to ensure a pH ≥ 7-0 and in ELISA by replacing ovalbumin with 10 g/l full cream milk powder.
Over 70% of samples of winter barley with symptoms of mosaic received from different sites in the UK during 1987-90 had BaYMV and 37% had BaMMV, with 11% containing both viruses. BaMMV was much more common on malting cultivars than on those grown for feed and this resulted in an easterly bias to the geographical distribution of the virus. Both viruses were, however, widely distributed in areas where winter barley is grown intensively. A small number of BaYMV records were from cultivars previously regarded as resistant and these are probably a distinct strain of the virus.     

Parry's disease of pears is similar to pear decline and is associated with mycoplasma-like organisms transmitted by Cacopsylla pyricola

Mycoplasma-like organisms (MLOs) were detected by fluorescence microscopy in a number of pear cultivars and pear seedlings growing under a range of different conditions. In the cultivar Conference, MLOs were consistently associated with symptoms of Parry's disease, a decline-like disease of young trees with quince rootstocks. MLO-free pear seedlings rapidly became infected when they were planted outside. Experimental transmission of MLOs to pear seedlings and Conference trees was achieved using pear psyllids, caught outside or raised on infected plants under controlled conditions. Conference trees in an orchard trial remained free from the severe spring symptoms of Parry's disease when they were protected from feeding insects during spring of the previous year. MLOs were graft transmissible, but were not perpetuated by the standard propagation practices of budding or grafting when quince rootstocks were used. Parry's disease appears to be similar to pear decline, an MLO-induced disease well established in several other parts of the world. It is suggested that Parry's disease should be referred to as pear decline.     

Abdominal Crisis in the Horse: A Comparison of Pre-Surgical Evaluation With Surgical Findings and Results

The results of preoperative examination, surgical intervention and the outcome of 50 cases of acute abdominal crisis in the horse are presented. Pre-surgical parameters discussed in this correlative study include duration of the condition prior to sergery, pulse rate, packed cell volume (PCV), abdominal distention, intestinal motility and tympany, rectal findings, reflux of fluid after passage of a nasogastric tube, and abdominal paracentesis. A retrospective study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of each clinical parameter in deciding that a case was surgical, arriving at a specific pre-surgical diagnosis, and in giving a prognosis. Rectal examination was the single most useful diagnostic tool. Reflux of gastric fluid through the nasogastric tube usually indicated obstruction of the small intestine.     

Morphometry,Morphology and Ultrastructure of Ring‐tailed Coati Sperm (Nasua nasua Linnaeus, 1766)

The ring‐tailed coati (Nasua nasua) is a procyonid whose population is in sharp decline. Therefore, studies are needed to better understand the reproduction of this animal. For this reason, this study aimed to evaluate the morphology, morphometry and sperm ultrastructure of ring‐tailed coati sperm. Four captive adult males were used for this study. Slides stained with Bengal Rose were used for the morphometric and morphologic analyses. The length and width of the head were measured, as well as the length of the midpiece and tail and the total length of the sperm. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used for the ultrastructural analyses. The most obvious morphological abnormalities observed were coiled tails (6.1 ± 8.7%) and the lack of acrosomes (5.4 ± 4.4%). Regarding the morphometry, the measurements of the head (length × width), midpiece (length) and tail (length) were (mean ± SD) 6.2 ± 0.4 × 8.1 ± 0.6 μm, 14.1 ± 0.5 and 63.9 ± 4.1 μm, respectively, and the total length of the sperm was 86.1 ± 4.3 μm. Through electron microscopy, the presence of electron‐lucent points in the nucleus and the presence of approximately 55 mitochondrial spirals in the midpiece were identified. The data obtained in this study provide detailed information on the sperm characteristics of coatis and may inform future research on germplasm conservation, both for this species and other threatened procyonids.     

Some biochemical properties and antibiotic sensitivities of Pasteurella piscidda isolated in Greece and comparison with strains from Japan, France and Italy

Abstract The biochemical properties and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of 13 Pasteurella piscicida isolates from Greece are described and compared with 10 Japanese and five European (Italian and French) isolates. Morphologically and biochemically, all isolates of P. piscidda tested were nearly identical and only minor differences could be detected with reference to the level of acid production from sugars (especially from glucose). Greek, Italian and French isolates showed similar antibiotic sensitivity patterns, being resistant to erythromycin, kanamycin and streptomycin, and sensitive to most of the other antibiotics tested. Resistance was also demonstrated for some isolates towards the potentiated sulphonamides. The Japanese isolates appeared to be resistant to a larger range of antibiotics including erythromycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, oxolinic acid, oxytetracycline and chloramphenicol. Multiple resistance of Japanese strains was also noted. These results are discussed in the light of future measures for the control of pasteurellosis.     

The effect of footrot on body weight and wool growth of sheep

Body weight and traits associated with production of wool were measured over a 2-year period between 1985 and 1987 in south-western New South Wales in a flock of Merino wethers experimentally infected with footrot. The disease was allowed to spread freely amongst 150 of the flock but kept at very low prevalence in the remaining 50 by preventive footbathing during transmission periods. Severe, underrunning footrot had a significant adverse effect on body weight, for each year of the trial. Body weight was most severely reduced at times of the year when footrot was spreading among animals and lesions were severe. The mean body weight of the infected group at the end of the 2 years of observation was 7.3 kg (11.6%) below that of the control group. Footrot also depressed wool growth, with the mean clean fleece weight of the infected group being 0.4 kg (8%) lighter than that of the controls at each of the 2 annual shearings. There were no consistent differences between the groups for the other wool characteristics measured.     

Composition and properties of poorly ordered minerals in Welsh soils. II. Phosphate adsorption and reactivity towards NaF solution

Eleven horizons of acidic soils developed from Lower Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks in mid Wales contained varying amounts of poorly ordered minerals. In nine of these over 70% of the phosphate adsorption capacity was attributed to poorly ordered minerals. Iron oxide with substituted Al, and a separate Al oxide, together accounted for the phosphate adsorption of the poorly ordered fraction. Aluminium-substitution had no major effect on the adsorption capacity of Fe oxide, but since Al occurred in both active minerals it masked the effect of Fe on phosphate adsorption in simple correlations. The relative contribution of the two mineral forms to phosphate adsorption varied widely between soils. Aluminium as a substituent in Fe oxide and in 'free' oxide form was responsible for the soils' reactivity towards NaF, but no distinction could be made between these poorly ordered forms. For certain horizons both poorly ordered Al and Si were correlated with OH⁻ release, but Al oxides were more important than silicates.