Fish feed can show genotoxic damage

Fish Physiology and Biochemistry - The present study was carried out to evaluate the genotoxic potential of nutritional quality of feed, using erythrocytic nuclear abnormalities assay in Nile...     

Starch and lipid in diets for dourado Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier 1816): growth,nutrient utilization and digestive enzymes

Carbohydrates and lipids are the major and cheaper non‐protein energy sources for fish diets. This study aimed at determining ideal relationship between dietary starch and lipids and their influence on digestive enzyme profile of juvenile dourado. Trials were set up in a closed‐loop system with controlled temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and total ammonia. Experimental extruded diets formulated to contain different starch (St) to lipids (Lip) ratio (St : Lip = 0 : 1, 0.3 : 1, 0.7 : 1, 1.0 : 1, 1.4 : 1, 2.0 : 1, 2.3 : 1 to 3.3 : 1) were fed to juvenile dourado (3.34 ± 0.16 g) and stocked into 30 polyethylene tanks (330 L, 30 fish per tank) in a completely randomized design with unbalanced repetition (n = 3 or 4), in two daily meals (1000 and 1530) until satiation, for 95 days. Dietary starch contents higher than 145.2 g kg^‐1 (St : Lip > 1.0 : 1.0) hampered the performance of fish, but, paradoxically, the inclusion of carbohydrates in the diet elicited better utilization of dietary protein and energy by the species. Fish adapted digestive enzyme profile to dietary starch contents through increasing secretion of alkaline proteases and non‐specific lipases, but secretion of amylase was not altered. Physiological responses show the limitation of species on the use of dietary carbohydrates.     

Pathogenicity of phylogenetic species in the Fusarium graminearum complex on soybean seedlings in Argentina

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is one of the main crops in Argentina. Most of the studies of pathogenicity in the Fusarium graminearum complex have focused on strains isolated from wheat and maize, and there is little information on strains isolated from soybean. Our objective in the present study was to compare the pathogenicity among soybean isolates of different phylogenetic species within the Fusarium graminearum complex on soybean seedlings under controlled conditions. Six strains representing three different phylogenetic species (F. graminearum, F. meridionale and F. cortaderiae) were identified by partial sequencing of the Translation Elongation Factor -1α gene (TEF-1) and evaluated for pathogenicity. All six strains reduced emergence, mainly by causing pre-emergence damping-off, seedling height and root dry weight and produced abnormal seedlings. The mean disease severity averaged across all isolates was approximately 3.0 in a 0–4 rating scale where 0?=?healthy seedling and 4?=?dead seedling. Significant differences in pathogenicity were observed among F. graminearum, F. meridionale and F. cortaderiae. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that different phylogenetic species within the Fusarium graminearum complex isolated from soybean are pathogenic under controlled conditions to soybean seedlings in Argentina. The present study demonstrates for the first time the pathogenic effect of F. meridionale on soybean in Argentina.     

Pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum and F. meridionale on soybean pod blight and trichothecene accumulation

Soybean (Glycine max) is the most important crop in Argentina. At present Fusarium graminearum is recognized as a primary pathogen of soybean in several countries in the Americas, mainly causing seed and root rot and pre‐ and post‐emergence damping off. However, no information about infections at later growth stages of soybean development and pathogenicity of F. graminearum species complex is available. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to compare the pathogenicity of F. graminearum and F. meridionale isolates towards soybean under field conditions and to evaluate the degree of pathogenicity and trichothecene production of these two phylogenetic species that express different chemotypes. Six isolates of F. graminearum and F. meridionale were evaluated during 2012/13 and 2013/14 soybean growing seasons for pod blight severity, percentage of seed infected in pods and kernel weight reduction. The results showed a higher aggressiveness of both F. graminearum and F. meridionale species during the 2013/14 season. However, the differences in pathogenicity observed between the seasons were not reflected in a distinct trichothecene concentration in soybean seeds at maturity. Fusarium meridionale isolates showed similar pathogenicity to F. graminearum isolates but they were not able to produce this toxin in planta during the two field trials.     

Physiological and pharmacokinetic responses in neotropical Piaractus mesopotamicus to the essential oil from Lippia sidoides (Verbenaceae) as an anesthetic

International Aquatic Research - The goal of the study was to evaluate Lippia sidoides essential oil as an anesthetic for the tropical fish pacu Piaractus mesopotamicus. The physiological and...     

Dietary Levamisole as Immunostimulant for Striped Surubim,Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum

Immunostimulants are better suited for disease control than using drugs and chemicals as remedies in animal production. This study evaluates effects of dietary levamisole on growth and immunological parameters response of Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum. A trial was set up in a completely randomized design with six treatments – 0.0, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 500 mg levamisole per kg of feed (n = 3) – fed until apparent satiation, twice a day, for 60 d to striped surubim (77.68 ± 2.5 g) randomly stocked in 18 plastic tanks (300 L; 10 fish per tank). Dietary levamisole affected lysozyme activity and concentration, the best effects were recorded for fish fed 247 mg levamisole per kg of feed, that is, levamisole positively influenced innate immune system of striped surubim. However, dietary levamisole did not affect serum protein, albumin and globulins, as well as leukocyte respiratory burst activity and leukocyte proliferation. No differences in growth parameters were recorded. Dietary levamisole improved immunological responses of striped surubim.     

Effects of graded levels of dietary vitamin E on striped surubim Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum

Vitamin E is important to animal health, growth, productive performance, fillet quality and immune systems. This study evaluated the effects of dietary vitamin E on flesh composition, growth, biochemical and immunological parameters of striped surubim, Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum. Prior to beginning of the feeding trial, fish were fed a vitamin E‐free control diet for 45 days to reduce body deposits. The trial was set up in a completely randomized design; diets containing 3.4; 28.4; 53.4; 103.4; 153.4 and 303.4 mg DL‐α‐tocopherol acetate per kg of ration (n = 3) were fed twice a day to apparent satiation, for 90 days. Juvenile striped surubim (38.1 ± 4.9 g and 17.5 ± 1.5 cm) randomly stocked in 18 plastic tanks (300 L; 10 fish per tank). Based on serum globulin content and liver and fillet deposition of vitamin E, inclusion of 166.6 mg/kg of DL‐alpha tocopherol acetate in the diet is recommended to improve the immunological status and, probably, flesh quality of striped surubim.     

Phylogeographic implications for release of critically endangered manatee calves rescued in Northeast Brazil

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