Reducing methane emissions and the methanogen population in the rumen of Tibetan sheep by dietary supplementation with coconut oil

The objective was to evaluate the effect of dietary coconut oil on methane (CH(4)) emissions and the microbial community in Tibetan sheep. Twelve animals were assigned to receive either a control diet (oaten hay) or a mixture diet containing concentrate (maize meal), in which coconut oil was supplemented at 12?g/day or not for a period of 4?weeks. CH(4) emissions were measured by using the 'tunnel' technique, and microbial communities were examined using quantitative real-time PCR. Daily CH(4) production for the control and forage-to-concentrate ratio of 6:4 was 17.8 and 15.3?g, respectively. Coconut oil was particularly effective at reducing CH(4) emissions from Tibetan sheep. The inclusion of coconut oil for the control decreased CH(4) production (in grams per day) by 61.2%. In addition, there was a positive correlation between the number of methanogens and the daily CH(4) production (R?=?0.95, P?相似文献   

植物单宁的微生物降解及其调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵的研究进展

植物单宁是一类广泛存在于陆生植物中的多酚类聚合物。由于化学结构复杂及其对微生物的广谱拮抗作用,使得植物单宁的微生物降解有一定的困难。然而,依赖于肠道单宁降解菌及单宁降解酶,反刍动物可通过胃肠道微生物相互作用实现对植物单宁的降解,从而减少瘤胃中蛋白质降解、防止瘤胃鼓胀、抑制甲烷生成、增加动物体重、改善产奶量和繁殖性能等。因此,近年来,植物单宁对反刍动物瘤胃发酵的调控受到越来越多的关注。但是,由于结构、种类、添加剂量以及试验动物种类和饲养方式的不同,使得植物单宁调控瘤胃发酵的效应也有所差异。为此,本文在综述微生物降解植物单宁的机制与单宁降解酶的基础上,重点探讨了植物单宁对反刍动物瘤胃发酵的影响,以期为植物单宁作为潜在的绿色添加剂在调控瘤胃发酵及改善反刍动物机体健康等方面提供理论依据。     

绵羊中草药饲料添加剂预试初报

为了帮助我国北方旱区或半干旱区绵羊度过草枯严寒的漫长冬、春季，开发研制一种能够提高现有草料利用率的绵羊中草药饲料添加剂。根据中兽医药学的辨证施治理论，采用小鼠日粮添加倍量秸秆粉和不同中草药复方的方法，在120只小鼠上进行了增重率和重料比的中草药复方的筛选研究。结果表明，以益气养血和消食健胃为主的两个中草药复方能够较好地改善小鼠的增重率和重料比。     

CRISPR系统促进脂肪干细胞成骨分化与抑制成脂分化的研究

本研究旨在优化组织培养法分离小鼠脂肪间充质干细胞（adipose-derived stem cells,ASCs）,为研究成骨分化和成脂分化在间充质干细胞分化过程中的相互影响奠定基础。通过细胞形态学观察、细胞生长曲线和流式仪器检测所分离获得的间充质干细胞的特性,利用CRISPR-dCas9系统在快速促进间充质干细胞成骨分化的前提下观察其对成脂分化的影响,并通过生化染色、实时荧光定量PCR和免疫细胞学等手段进行分析。结果显示,接种3~5 d后可见细胞从组织块周围爬出,光镜下可见细胞形态多为成纤维细胞样的梭形细胞,且形态单一均匀,具有较高的爬出率,可以大大提高脂肪间充质干细胞的分离效率;通过CRISPR-dCas9系统激活Runx2和Osterix基因后可以促进间充质干细胞的成骨分化,实时荧光定量PCR及油红O染色结果显示,CRISPR-dCas9系统可以同时抑制间充质干细胞的成脂分化;通过CRISPR-dCas9-KRAB系统同时抑制成骨相关基因Runx2和Osterix后可以促进成脂分化。本研究利用组织贴壁法成功获得了高纯度的脂肪间充质干细胞,具有间充质干细胞的特性和分化能力;利用CRISPR系统可以同时过表达Runx2和Osterix两个基因,可以在进成骨分化的同时抑制成脂分化,表明成脂分化和成骨分化的相关性,为基因编辑在间充质干细胞诱导分化和临床应用方面提供了新的思路和方法。     

Investigation of Biofilm Formation,Virulence Genes and agr Typing of Staphylococcus aureus from Bovine Mastitis Cases

The objective of the present study was to investigate the biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and agr genotypes of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from bovine mastitis cases, and to analyze the correlations between agr genotypes and virulence genes. Biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence genes for 336 strains of S. aureus were detected by microtiter plate method, disk diffusion method, and PCR respectively, and the agr typing of tested strains was determined by multiplex PCR. The results showed that all 336 strains of S. aureus from bovine mastitis were biofilm producers, among which 52.1% and 47.9% of isolates tested were moderate (++) and strong (+++) biofilm producers, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated that S. aureus strains were highly resistant to penicillin, with a resistance rate of 91.7%, followed by erythromycin (89.6%), kanamycin (72.9%), clindamycin (66.7%) and gentamicin (60.4%). However, all isolates were sensitive to nitrofurantoin and linezolid. PCR results showed that the prevalence of fnbA gene was the highest (99.7%), followed by icaD (98.2%), icaA (89.6%), clfA (86.0%), cna (56.0%), and bap (14.6%) genes. Moreover, the sea, seb, sec and tst genes were found in 26.5%, 8.3%, 6.8% and 8.3% of the isolates, respectively. The agr typing results showed that S. aureus strains belonging to agr Ⅰ was predominant in our study, accounting for 77.1% of the isolates, and the frequencies of agr Ⅱ, agr Ⅲ and agr Ⅳ genotypes were 14.0%, 4.8% and 2.1%, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that the strains of S. aureus belonging to agr Ⅰ genotype have the potential to carry more virulence genes, while no toxin genes could be found in any of the strains belonging to agr Ⅳ. The results revealed high antimicrobial resistance to common antimicrobial agents in S. aureus isolated from bovine mastitis milk samples. Moreover, agr Ⅰ was the predominant genotype with diverse toxin genes in S. aureus from bovine mastitis, and the potential hazard should be of concern.     

浙南山区种植墨西哥玉米的适应性观察和喂兔效果试验

在高温少雨的浙江文成山区种植墨西哥玉米,每年可刈割4~5次,亩产(1亩=667m2)鲜草4042.7~7997.3kg,其中直播产量为4042.7~5185.4kg;移载产量为4062.1~7997.3kg。证实墨西哥玉米在浙南山区种植是一种高产、优质、适应性强的夏季高产牧草。另据精料 墨西哥玉米(草)饲喂新西兰白兔的效果试验,日增重达16.95~17.86g(平均17.41g),比对照组(精料组和精料 蕃薯藤组)分别提高16.85%和21.49%。     

聚磷酸激酶基因的阻断对刺糖多孢菌生长及多杀菌素合成的影响

聚磷酸激酶基因(Polyphosphate kinase gene,ppk)是放线霉菌中的一种影响抗生素合成的全局性负调控因子,阻断该基因能显著提高其次级代谢产物产量。本文利用PCR扩增了刺糖多孢菌中的ppk基因中间片段,经酶切连接技术将其克隆到大肠杆菌-链霉菌穿梭载体pOJ260上,构建阻断型载体pOJ260-ppk;通过接合转移将该功能质粒导入刺糖多孢菌中,获得了遗传性能稳定的重组菌株S.sp-△ppk。对工程菌株的PCR检测结果显示,ppk基因片段已整合到刺糖多孢菌染色体上并成功阻断了该基因的表达。摇瓶发酵结果显示,工程菌株多杀菌素产量较原始菌株提高了122%。阻断聚磷酸激酶基因的表达对刺糖多孢菌的菌丝形态及生长发育产生了影响,并有效地促进该菌多杀菌素的生物合成。     

废弃烟头类物质回收再利用的初步探讨

分析了烟头中的几种有利用价值成分的性质和作用,对烟头主要成分利用价值及其提取方法进行了简单介绍,提出了提取烟头中几种主要成分的工艺技术.与传统蒸馏法相比,提取烟碱的方法,操作简单,所需时间较短,应用于生产中可缩短生产周期,减少成本.从废弃烟头中提取烟碱、茄尼醇和醋酸纤维作为他用,为把烟头回收再利用的方法运用到工业生产中去打下了基础,同时对烟头回收再利用技术的经济效益、社会效益和生态效益进行了简要分析.     

黑龙江省汤原县团结林场森林资源调查情况分析

从3个方面分别介绍了黑龙江省汤原县林业局所属的团结林场的自然、资源及经济情况。     

南京秦淮新河岸坡植被调查与分析

对秦淮新河沿岸植被现状进行普查,并选择典型样地,对样地内主要植被类型及群落结构进行统计分析;此外,鉴于秦淮新河河段现有的起伏地形、林地类型和植物群落状况,该项研究在掌握了详细的现场资料后提出树种选择、植物配置及林相改造的建议,为下一步秦淮河生态防护、植物景观提升以及秦淮新河水利风景区建设提供基础资料和依据。