Assessment of the accuracy of testicular dysfunction detection in male donkey (Equus asinus) with the aid of colour-spectral Doppler in relation to plasma testosterone and serum nitric oxide levels

This study aimed to determine the usefulness of colour and pulsed Doppler modes for the accurate diagnosis of donkeys suffering from subfertility to determine whether testicular vascularity assessment could be an indicator for sperm functionality. The study sample was composed of 10 male donkeys with normospermia (control group) and 10 donkeys with hypospermia. Animals underwent scrotal circumference measurement, testicular Doppler examination, seminal evaluation, blood sampling and hormonal assay. Semen volume and concentration were significantly (p ≤ .05) lower in the subfertile group (30.25 ± 1.22 ml and 89.44 ± 2.55 × 10⁶/ml) as compared with the control group (82.76 ± 1.65 ml and 452.78 ± 1.25 × 10⁶/ml), and total sperm/ejaculation was significantly (p ≤ .05) higher in the normal donkeys (28.30 ± 2.32 × 10⁹/total ejaculated) as compared with the subfertile group. Intratesticular coloured area showed a marked decline in the hypospermic males. There was no significant difference between the two groups in testosterone level, although the normal group showed an increase in nitric oxide metabolites. Both Doppler indices of the three branches of the testicular artery were elevated significantly (p ≤ .05) in abnormal donkeys, whereas Doppler peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities were increased in the normal group. Male donkeys with subfertility demonstrated lower arterial vascularity parameters in the form of intratesticular coloured area and blood flow rate; therefore, the most optimal parameters for differentiating subfertile hypospermic from normospermic donkeys were found to be the two Doppler indices, velocities parameters, testicular blood flow rate and nitric oxide levels.     

MicroRNA-21 expression,serum tumor markers,and immunohistochemistry in canine mammary tumors

Background

Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are one of the most common malignancies in dogs and are associated with significant mortality. Serum tumor markers and non-coding microRNAs have gained widespread popularity in human oncology studies. The present study has two aims, first one is to investigate the miR-21 expression compared with changes in serum tumor markers (CEA and CA15-3) in CMT. The second aim is to detect the immunohistochemistry markers as vimentin, P63, and -SMA in CMT.

Methods

This study enrolled 17 female dogs: 10 with mammary tumors and seven controls without tumors. Blood samples were collected to measure miR-21, CEA, and CA 15-3, and histological samples were prepared for histological grading and immunohistochemistry.

Results

CA 15-3 was elevated in all animals, whereas CEA levels showed no change compared with controls. miR-21 was upregulated 12.84-fold in animals with CMT. The most frequently recorded CMT was the mixed type. Myoepithelial cells were identified by P63 immunoreactivity, but not SMA. High expression of miR-21 was observed with positive vimentin immunoreactivity, indicating the mesenchymal origin of the tumor cells.

Conclusion

The present study showed that miR-21 was elevated to a greater extent than CA 15-3 (12.84-fold vs. threefold). Tumors that was positive for vimentin immunoreactivity was also associated with an elevation in the levels of miR-21, showing that miR-21 is released from mesenchymal cells. These findings support the hypothesis that miR-21 may be a more sensitive, noninvasive indicator for CMT.

     

Sowing date effects on dry matter remobilization and yield of triticale (Triticosecale wittmack) under late season drought stress

A 2-year field experiment using a randomized complete block design with the treatments arranged as split-split-plot with three replicates was conducted to investigate the effects of different sowing dates. Different irrigation regimes and different triticale cultivars were tested during 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. Under cutting off irrigation at the milk development stage, Sanabad with 46.2% had higher relative water content on December 3 sowing date. Assimilate remobilization in cutting off irrigation at dough development was more than that at milk development and Sanabad had the highest assimilate remobilization on 3 December sowing date in both years. In both years, Sanabad had the highest remobilization efficiency. The highest contribution of pre-anthesis assimilates to grain was obtained on 3 December sowing date in both years in Sanabad. Lower grain yield in Juanillo cultivar under cutting off irrigation, appeared to be due to reduction in remobilization efficiency, especially by cutting off irrigation at milk development stage in late sowing date. Overall, Sanabad was more tolerant to cutting off irrigation than Juanillo.     

草莓温室太阳能热泵系统阶梯式供暖特性

运用太阳能热泵系统为草莓温室供暖,能有效提升草莓的产量和品质。为探究温室内立体栽培的供暖特性,以及相匹配的太阳能热泵系统的供暖系数(coefficient of performance,COP),该文设计并搭建了太阳能热泵阶梯式供暖系统。以"京藏香"草莓为试材,分析了距离地面0.5、1.0、1.5及2.0 m不同阶梯高度的空间温度,对比了阶梯式供暖的太阳能温室和未供暖的普通温室内的草莓品质及产量。结果表明,在北亚热带低纬高原山地季风气候地区,冬季采用太阳能热泵系统为温室供暖的COP值在3.02~5.15之间。在太阳能温室内种植的草莓产量是普通温室产量的1.56倍,可溶性固形物含量的平均值达10.5%。在太阳能热泵系统阶梯式供暖的温室中,距离地面1.0~1.5 m高度范围内的供暖效果较好,且放置于1.0 m阶梯上的草莓与其他高度的草莓相比,产量最高品质最优,其单果最大值为32.3 g,可溶性固形物含量为12.5%,因此,采用阶梯式供暖的温室中,距离地面1.0 m高度的温度更适宜草莓生长需求。     

Effect of silicon on photosynthetic gas exchange,photosynthetic pigments,cell membrane stability and relative water content of different wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions

This study aims to explain the effects of silicon (Si) foliar application on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability and leaf relative water content of different wheat cultivars in the field under drought stress conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regime (100%, 60%, and 40% F.C.), silicon (control and Si application) and wheat cultivars (Shiraz, Marvdasht, Chamran, and Sirvan) were considered as main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. This study was carried out at the Research Farm of the Collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, during 2012–2013 growing season. The results showed that foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars, especially in Sirvan and Chamran (drought tolerant cultivars), under both stress and non-stress conditions. However, more improvement was observed under drought stress as compared to the non-stress condition. In contrast, these parameters decreased under drought stress. Si significantly decreased electrolyte leakage in all four cultivars under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration (C_i) increased under drought stress. Si application decreased C_i especially under drought stress conditions. Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (g_s) were significantly decreased under drought conditions. Under drought, Si applied plants showed significantly higher leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and carboxylation efficiency (C_E) decreased in all cultivars under drought stress. However, the silicon-applied plants had greater WUEi and C_E under drought stress. The stomatal limitation was found to be higher in stressed plants compared to the control. Exogenously applied silicon also decreased stomatal limitation. Overall, application of Si was found beneficial for improving drought tolerance of wheat plants.     

Leptin Receptor mRNA in Bull Ejaculated Spermatozoa

Leptin is a potential satiety factor and plays an important role in both metabolism and reproduction; both leptin and its receptor (Ob‐R) have been detected in human spermatozoa, thus suggesting leptin involvement in male gamete physiology. This experiment was designed to investigate leptin receptor [the long isoform (Ob‐Rb)] mRNA in bull ejaculated spermatozoa by RT‐PCR and southern hybridization. Total RNA was isolated from ejaculated spermatozoa and purified by different methods. Although the concentrations of RNA determined by all methods (except SDS/Proteinase K, lowest amount of RNA recovery) were similar, ethidium bromide staining was only detectable in lanes containing the samples isolated by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and SDS/citric acid extraction which produced higher RNA concentration. Ob‐Rb mRNA was detected in all samples using southern hybridization after RT‐PCR; it was shown only in three of them by RT‐PCR. We may conclude that Ob‐Rb mRNA is present in bull spermatozoa and leptin perhaps exerts physiological effects, as already demonstrated in humans and pigs.     

CHANGES IN ENDOGENOUS HORMONAL STATUS IN CORN (ZEA MAYS) HYBRIDS UNDER DROUGHT STRESS

Corn has several mechanisms that allow it to perceive the incoming water deficit and rapidly regulate its growth and physiology to cope with this stress. Among these regulated physiological responses, phytohormones, such as abscisic acid (ABA), gibberellin (GA₃), indole acetic acid (IAA), and zeatin (ZT) have important roles. To evaluate changes in hormonal status of corn hybrids under different drought stress levels, a greenhouse study was conducted at the College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, during summer 2010. Treatments consisted of drought stress in five levels: 100% field capacity (F.C.) as control, 80, 60, 40, and 20% F.C. and three corn hybrids, including single cross 704 (SC704), Maxima, and double cross 370 (DC370). Results showed that drought stress significantly affected phytohormones concentration, ABA concentration was increased and GA₃, IAA and ZT concentrations were decreased. Indeed, there was an initial increase (about 13.5% more than control) in IAA concentration. In severe drought condition, ABA concentration was eventually decreased (37.8% less than the first drought level, i.e., 80% F.C.). The ratios of GA₃, IAA and ZT to ABA concentration were also decreased. Among hybrids, SC704 showed the highest phytohormone concentrations and DC370 had the highest ratios of GA₃, IAA, and ZT to ABA concentrations. Overall, the results of this study suggest that although mild drought stress was associated with greater ABA concentration, it had negative impact on GA₃, IAA, and ZT concentrations. Furthermore, SC704 hybrid appeared to be more resistant to drought stress than the other hybrids.     

Silicon application positively alters pollen grain area,osmoregulation and antioxidant enzyme activities in wheat plants under water deficit conditions

Role of exogenously-applied silicon (Si) on antioxidant enzyme activities was investigated in wheat under drought stress using a completely randomized factorial design with four replications. Drought stress significantly enhanced activities of ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase, and elevated accumulation of osmotically active molecules, soluble sugars and proline. Si application further enhanced activities of enzymes involved in oxidative defense system and accumulation of osmotically active molecules in drought-stressed plants. Under drought stress conditions, water shortage decreased protein content in all cultivars; however, application of Si increased it. Pollen area ratio was lower than 1 for cvs. Shiraz and Marvdasht under drought, but greater than 1 for cvs. Chamran and Sirvan. Water-limited regimes resulted in decreased leaf Ψ_w in all cultivars, but Si supply was effective in improving Ψ_w under water-limited regimes. Water shortage increased leaf K, Mg, and Ca concentrations. Under drought stress, Si-treated plants had higher K concentration than the none-treated plants.     

Impact of cycocel on seed germination and growth in some commercial crops under osmotic stress conditions

Most of plant growth regulators are known to alleviate negative effects of osmotic stress on crop growth. To evaluate the effects of cycocel (CCC), as a growth regulator, on crop seed germination, early growth, and vegetative growth under osmotic stress conditions, a study was conducted under controlled conditions. Six crops, wheat, barley, maize, sunflower, safflower, and rapeseed were grown under five osmotic potentials (0, as non-stress, ?0.5, ?1.0, ?1.5, and ?2.0 MPa), which were raised from seeds treated with three CCC concentrations (0, 2.5, and 3.5 g l^?1). Reduced germination, seedling and vegetative growth as well as enhanced leaf free proline and chlorophyll content index were observed under osmotic stress. The extent of these changes depended on the type of the used crops. Priming with optimum CCC concentration mitigated to great extent stress-induced adverse effects on these crops. The positive effect of CCC priming on wheat, maize, and rapeseed was observed only at moderate osmotic levels, whereas on barley and safflower the priming effects were found in all levels of osmotic stress. However, sunflower did not respond to CCC priming treatments which might have been due to its thick achene coat. CCC priming was found to be effective in diverting a major proportion of assimilates to root, because root to shoot dry weight ratio increased due to CCC application under all osmotic stress regimes. Since barley and safflower were found to be most responsive to CCC priming, further research for better understanding of mechanisms of CCC priming on their germination and vegetative growth is recommended.     

The efficacy of using exogenous enzymes cocktail on production,egg quality,egg nutrients and blood metabolites of laying hens fed distiller's dried grains with solubles

An experiment was performed using 120 Hisex Brown laying hens for evaluating the effects of different inclusion levels of corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS) as a replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with or without enzyme cocktail on performance, egg quality, egg nutrients and blood metabolites in laying hens through 22–42 weeks of age. A 4 × 2 factorial design experiment was performed including four substitution levels of DDGS (0, 250, 500 and 750 g/kg respectively) and two enzyme cocktail levels (0 and 250 mg/kg diet). The used enzyme in this study “Gallazyme” composed of xylanase, Trichoderma longibrachiatum (600 units/g), protease, Bacillus subtilis (8,000 units/g) and amylase and Bacillus amyloliquofaciens (800 units/g). The control diet showed the best feed efficiency followed by the intermediate levels of DDGS. The lowest value of feed efficiency was found in the group fed the highest level of DDGS. Enzyme addition improved feed efficiency and decreased laying rate. Increasing DDGS levels was associated with albumin and shell thickness increases. Dietary DDGS depressed all egg components except the organic matter which maximised in enzyme‐treated groups. Increasing DDGS level was accompanied by increase in yolk cholesterol and total lipids. No significant impacts were detected with enzymes supplementation on yolk lipids profile. Excepting serum calcium and phosphorous, all serum constituents increased with increasing level of DDGS. Using enzyme markedly depressed serum ammonia by 15.02% and increased calcium by 6.44% compared with enzyme‐free diets. Interaction between DDGS and enzyme was significant on most of studied parameters. It could be concluded that using enzyme cocktail in DDGS‐based diets may improve feed efficiency and egg quality, in addition to lowering blood ammonia and increasing blood calcium. It is recommended to substitute SBM by DDGS up to 500 g/kg diet.