Direct absorption of acylated anthocyanin in purple-fleshed sweet potato into rats

Absorption of acylated anthocyanins in purple-fleshed sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas cv. Ayamurasaki) in rats was studied to obtain evidence that the acylated anthocyanins themselves could exert a physiological function in vivo. Peonidin 3-caffeoylsophoroside-5-glucoside (Pn 3-Caf*sop-5-glc) in purple-fleshed sweet potato was directly absorbed into rat and present as an intact acylated form in plasma. After oral administration of the purple-fleshed sweet potato anthocyanin (PSA) concentrate containing 38.9 micromol of Pn 3-Caf*sop-5-glc/kg of body weight, Pn 3-Caf*sop-5-glc was detected in the plasma, and the C(max) value and t(max) were estimated as 50.0 +/- 6.8 nmol/Lof plasma and 30 min, respectively. Furthermore, the plasma antioxidant capacity was significantly elevated from 58.0 +/- 12.0 to 89.2 +/- 6.8 micromol of Trolox equivalent/L of plasma 30 min after the administration of the PSA concentrate.     

Potential chemopreventive properties of anthocyanin-rich aqueous extracts from in vitro produced tissue of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.)

Anthocyanin-rich aqueous extracts from cell suspension cultures of a high anthocyanin-producing sweetpotato PL (purple line) cell line grown under two different media conditions, MM (multiplication medium) and APM (high anthocyanin-producing medium) and from the cell line's donor tissue, field-grown storage root (SR) of sweetpotato, cv. Ayamurasaki, were evaluated for antioxidative (DPPH test), antimutagenic (Salmonella/reversion assay; mutagen, Trp-P-1), and antiproliferative (human promyelocytic leukaemia cells HL-60) activities. Both cell line extracts MM and APM exhibited higher radical scavenging activities (RSA), 3.8- and 1.4-fold, respectively, than the SR extract. The antimutagenic activity of all extracts was found to be dose-dependent. At a dose of 1 mg/plate, the highest activity exhibited APM (73% inhibition of Trp-P-1-induced reverse mutation of Salmonella typhimurium TA98), followed by MM (54% inhibition) and SR (36% inhibition). The MM extract was the strongest inhibitor of the proliferation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells. At a concentration of 1.6 mg/mL medium during 24 h, it suppressed the growth of 47% of HL-60 cells. A significantly lower growth suppression effect displayed APM and SR extracts (21 and 25%, respectively). Total anthocyanin levels and anthocyanin composition in evaluated samples seem to be related to their activities. The MM extract, which exhibited the highest RSA and antiproliferation activities, contained the highest level of anthocyanins. Among them, nonacylated cyanidin 3-sophoroside-5-glucoside dominated. It is speculated that the presence of this anthocyanin contributed toward enhanced activities of MM extract.     

Hyaluromycin,a New Hyaluronidase Inhibitor of Polyketide Origin from Marine Streptomyces sp.

Hyaluromycin (1), a new member of the rubromycin family of antibiotics, was isolated from the culture extract of a marine-derived Streptomyces sp. as a HAase inhibitor on the basis of HAase activity screening. The structure of 1 was elucidated through the interpretation of NMR data for the compound and its 3″-O-methyl derivative in combination with an incorporation experiment with [1,2-¹³C₂]acetate. The compound’s absolute configuration was determined by the comparison of its circular dichroism (CD) spectrum with those of other rubromycins. Hyaluromycin (1) consists of a γ-rubromycin core structure possessing a 2-amino-3-hydroxycyclopent-2-enone (C₅N) unit as an amide substituent of the carboxyl function; both structural units have been reported only from actinomycetes. Hyaluromycin (1) displayed approximately 25-fold more potent hyaluronidase inhibitory activity against hyaluronidase than did glycyrrhizin, a known inhibitor of plant origin.     

Malachite-green-removing properties of a bacterial strain isolated from fish ponds in Thailand

Malachite green (MG) has been focused on as a biotreatment target and its biological properties have also been an issue in food fish aquaculture. An MG-removing bacterium was isolated from aquaculture fish pond sediment samples in Thailand. The isolate, strain T-5-2, is a Gram-negative, aerobic rod-shaped bacterium, and has been identified as a member of the Pseudomonas putida group. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-NMR) analysis of a broth culture medium containing MG showed that the concentration of MG decreased markedly and that other molecules, including leucomalachite green (LMG), were generated. Moreover, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis showed that the MG concentration in the broth culture medium continuously decreased. This analysis also demonstrated that the concentration of LMG initially increased and then gradually decreased. Furthermore, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis showed 4-(dimethylamino)benzophenone (4DABP) as a degradation component of MG, which was confirmed by ¹H-NMR and LC–MS/MS analysis. These findings suggest that this bacterial strain can remove MG in broth culture and degrade it to certain metabolites, including LMG and 4DABP. This study is the first detailed evaluation by the combination of LC–MS/MS, GC–MS, and ¹H-NMR analyses of an MG-removing bacterium isolated from Thai aquaculture fish ponds.     

Molecular diversity of bacterial chitinases in arable soils and the effects of environmental factors on the chitinolytic bacterial community

The molecular diversity of bacterial chitinases in the bulk soils of arable land was investigated using culture-independent methods. The results demonstrate that bacterial chitinases in arable soils are highly diverse and comprise unique groups when their sequences were compared to those in public databases. The diversity of bacterial chitinases in arable soil was further evaluated using conventional phylogenetic analysis, the UniFrac analysis of the phylogenetic data, and the multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis of T-RFLP profiles to elucidate the relationship between the diversity of bacterial chitinases and soil characteristics. These analyses indicate that environmental factors such as soil type and pH are responsible for shaping the composition of bacterial chitinases.     

Bacterial and chemical properties of Japanese traditional anchovy product,salted Etari

Fisheries Science - We analyzed the bacterial flora and chemical properties of the Japanese traditional anchovy product called salted Etari, which is distributed in Nagasaki Prefecture in the...     

alpha-Glucosidase inhibitory action of natural acylated anthocyanins. 2. alpha-Glucosidase inhibition by isolated acylated anthocyanins

Four diacylated pelargonidin (Pg: SOA-4 and SOA-6), cyanidin (Cy: YGM-3), and peonidin (Pn: YGM-6) 3-sophoroside-5-glucosides isolated from the red flowers of the morning glory, Pharbitis nil cv. Scarlett O'Hara (SOA), and the storage roots of purple sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas cv. Ayamurasaki (YGM), were subjected to an alpha-glucosidase (AGH) inhibitory assay, in which the assay was performed with the immobilized AGH (iAGH) system to mimic the membrane-bound AGH at the small intestine. As a result, the acylated anthocyanins showed strong maltase inhibitory activities with IC(50) values of <200 microM, whereas no sucrase inhibition was observed. Of these, SOA-4 [Pg 3-O-(2-O-(6-O-(E-3-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)caffeyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-6-O-E-caffeyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside)-5-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside] possessed the most potent maltase inhibitory activity (IC(50) = 60 microM). As a result of a marked reduction of iAGH inhibitory activity by deacylating the anthocyanins, that is, Pg (or Cy or Pn) sophoroside-5-glucoside, acylation of anthocyanin with caffeic (Caf) or ferulic (Fer) acid was found to be important in the expression of iAGH (maltase) inhibition. In addition, the result that Pg-based anthocyanins showed the most potent maltase inhibition, with an IC(50) value of 4.6 mM, and the effect being in the descending order of potency of Pg > Pn/Cy strongly suggested that no replacement at the 3'(5')-position of the aglycon B-ring may be essential for inhibiting iAGH action.     

Anti-hyperglycemic effect of diacylated anthocyanin derived from Ipomoea batatas cultivar Ayamurasaki can be achieved through the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory action

To clarify a postprandial glucose suppression effect of diacylated anthocyanin with alpha-glucosidase (AGH) inhibitory activity, a single oral administration study of it in male 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats was performed. The diacylated anthocyanin used in this study was peonidin 3-O-[2-O-(6-O-E-feruloyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-6-O-E-caffeoyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside]-5-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside isolated from storage roots of the purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas cv. Ayamurasaki), which showed a potent maltase inhibitory activity with an IC(50) value of 200 microM preferable to sucrase inhibition. When the diacylated anthocyanin (100 mg/kg) was administered following maltose (2 g/kg), a maximal blood glucose level (BGL) at 30 min was significantly decreased by 16.5% (P < 0.01) compared to vehicle. A minimum 10 mg/kg dose of the anthocyanin was necessary for the suppression of glycemic rise, and the ED(20) (69 mg/kg) was estimated to be approximately 30-fold lower than that of the therapeutic drug acarbose (ED(20) = 2.2 mg/kg). A reduction of serum insulin secretion was also observed corresponding to the decrease in BGL. No significant change in BGL was observed when sucrose or glucose was ingested, suggesting that the anti-hyperglycemic effect of the anthocyanin was achieved by maltase inhibition, not by sucrase or glucose transport inhibition at the intestinal membrane.     

Population structure of Nga Myin Yinn Silonia silondia in the Ayeyarwady River,Myanmar, by mitochondrial DNA markers

Fisheries Science - The Silond catfish Silonia silondia, locally known as Nga Myin Yinn, is a commercially important fish in Myanmar; however, fundamental knowledge of its population structure is...     

Microbiological properties of Myanmar traditional shrimp sauce,hmyin-ngan-pya-ye

Fisheries Science - The microbiological properties of Myanmar traditional fermented products were characterized using four different brands of bottled shrimp sauce products sold frequently at a...