Spawning and Development of Larvae and Juveniles of the Rare Blue Mauritius Angelfish,Centropyge debelius (1988), in the Hatchery

This study documents the rearing and life history stages of the rare blue Mauritius angelfish, Centropyge debelius, from spawning of eggs through sexual maturity. A C. debelius pair was maintained at our facility for 22 mo. The pair was conditioned to spawn for a 4‐mo period in the fall of 2005 and a 4‐mo period in the summer of 2006 using water temperature and photoperiod manipulation. Continuous spawning was achieved at water temperatures between 22 and 24 C and a photoperiod of long day (LD) 13.5:10.5. Over a 124‐d period, the female produced 97 spawns, 59% of which resulted in fertile eggs. The average fecundity per spawn was 237 eggs (range 13–813 eggs). Fertility of all preserved spawns averaged 19.0 ± 19.8%. Larval rearing attempts using wild caught zooplankton and Artemia nauplii resulted in a total of 10 C. debelius juveniles raised through metamorphosis with an average larval survival up through metamorphosis of 0.36%. Three resulting juveniles were raised through sexual maturity. Sexual dichromatism was first observed about 180 d posthatch. A statistical model: Y = (X× 0.32437) ? (X²× 0.00043) ? 2.004, where Y = total length (mm) and X = number of days in culture, explained 97.6% of the variation in growth (P < 0.001, R² = 0.976). The development of eggs and larvae was observed to be similar to that of other Centropyge species that have been cultured. Results of this study indicate that the artificial propagation of C. debelius is technically feasible and forms the basis for this report.     

Studies on the Maturation and Spawning of Milkfish Chanos chanos Forsskal in a Photoperiod-Controlled Room

Progress in propagation of milkfish has been impeded by the shortage of mature broodstock. This study was a first step toward revealing the environmental cues for the maturation of milkfish. Experiments were carried out during 1978-1985 in an indoor tank (5.2 × 4.8 × 13 m) under photoperiod control and in an outdoor tank (63 × 5.4 × 13 m). In two controlled, long-photoperiod regime experiments, 86 and 83% of the fish matured, the highest percentages yet reported. In these experiments, milkfish matured one month earlier than the normal spawning season, two months after the fish were exposed to the long daylight regime. Only 21% of the fish under a natural photoperiod regime in the outdoor tank matured. Results of the current study suggest that a change and increase in photoperiod are necessary for the onset of maturation.     

Transepithelial Transport of Theasinensins through Caco-2 Cell Monolayers and Their Absorption in Sprague-Dawley Rats after Oral Administration

The aim of this study is to illustrate the in vivo and in vitro absorption of theasinensins B and A that are (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG)-(-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) dimer and EGCG dimer, respectively, and their transport pathway across the intestinal membrane. Our animal study by a single oral administration to rats demonstrated the intact absorption of theasinensins into the blood system, which was estimated to be a >10-fold lower absorption amount than EGCG. The in vitro absorption study indicated that theasinensins can be transported across Caco-2 cell monolayers, while their permeability coefficients were also >10-fold lower than those of EGCG and EGC. Transport experiments using cytochalasin D or quercetin as a tight junction (TJ) modulator and a non-saturable permeation revealed that theasinensins were transported across Caco-2 cells in a TJ paracellular diffusion route. In conclusion, the dimers of condensed catechins, theasinensins B and A, can be absorbed intact into rat blood and transported across Caco-2 cell monolayers probably through a TJ paracellular pathway.     

Induced Final Maturation and Spawning of the Marbled Grouper Epinephelus microdon Captured from Spawning Aggregations in the Republic of Palau, Micronesia

A high percentage (98.3%, N = 60) of the marbled grouper Epinephelus microdon individuals captured from spawning aggregations during July and August 1993 in the waters surrounding the island of Koror, Republic of Palau, Micronesia, were in the stage of maturity at which final maturation and spawning could be hormonally induced. The sex ratio of the captured fish was highly skewed towards males (4 male:1 female). Sexually immature females comprised the smallest size class, (<0.6 kg body weight (BW) or 33.0 cm total length (TL)), while sexually mature females were restricted to the 0.6–1.5 kg BW (33.0–46.4 cm TL) groups. Males predominated in size classes >0.6 kg BW, and individuals >1.5 kg BW (46.4 cm TL) were exclusively male. All females with oocytes that averaged ( N = 50) >400 μm in diameter were successfully induced to spawn by a two-injection protocol using human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) at total dosages of 2,100–3,200 IU/kg fish. All males used in the spawning trials were administered a single injection of HCG at dosages of 500 or 1,000 IU/kg fish. Fecundity ranged between 7.96 × 10⁵−1.24 × 10⁶kg BW, average spawned egg diameters ranged between 769–832 μm, percent fertilization ranged between 32.6%–99.9%, and hatching percentages were >90.0%. Total fat content of eggs obtained from a pooled spawning event was 14.1 mg/100 mg dry weight. The data indicate that HCG is a suitable treatment for the induction of spawning in marbled grouper females that possess a mean oocyte diameter of 400 μm or greater.     

An outbreak of canine distemper virus in tigers (Panthera tigris): possible transmission from wild animals to zoo animals

Canine distemper virus (CDV), a morbillivirus that causes one of the most contagious and lethal viral diseases known in canids, has an expanding host range, including wild animals. Since December 2009, several dead or dying wild raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) were found in and around one safari-style zoo in Japan, and CDV was isolated from four of these animals. In the subsequent months (January to February 2010), 12 tigers (Panthera tigris) in the zoo developed respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases, and CDV RNA was detected in fecal samples of the examined tigers. In March 2010, one of the tigers developed a neurological disorder and died; CDV was isolated from the lung of this animal. Sequence analysis of the complete hemagglutinin (H) gene and the signal peptide region of the fusion (F) gene showed high homology among these isolates (99.8-100%), indicating that CDV might have been transmitted from raccoon dog to tiger. In addition, these isolates belonged to genotype Asia-1 and had lower homology (<90%) to the vaccine strain (Onderstepoort). Seropositivity of lions (Panthera leo) in the zoo and wild bears (Ursus thibetanus) captured around this area supported the theory that a CDV epidemic had occurred in many mammal species in and around the zoo. These results indicate a risk of CDV transmission among many animal species, including large felids and endangered species.     

Studies of the New Herbicide KIH-6127. Part I. Novel Synthesis of Methyl 6-Acetylsalicylate as a Key Synthetic Intermediate for the Preparation of 6-Acetyl Pyrimidin-2-yl Salicylates and Analogues

A novel synthesis of methyl 6-acetylsalicylate as a key synthetic intermediate for methyl 2-[(4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)oxy]-6-[1-(methoxyimino)ethyl]benzoate (KIH-6127) was studied, and directed at 6-substituted pyrimidin-2-yl salicylate herbicides and their analogues. Three synthetic approaches were successful: a modification of the Sandmeyer reaction of 6-acetylanthranilate (Method A), a direct ring-opening reaction of 3-methylphthalide using potassium permangamate and magnesium nitrate (Method B), and a regioselective ortho-lithiation of the protected 3-hydroxyacetophenone (Method C). These methods were applicable for the synthesis of various 6-acyl salicylates.     

Dynamics of piscine francisellosis differs amongst tilapia species (Oreochromis spp.) in a controlled challenge with Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis

A 25‐week immersion challenge was conducted exposing Oreochromis mossambicus, Oreochromis aureus and Oreochromis urolepis hornorum to Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis (Fno). Two populations were compared for each fish species; ‘resident fish’ were defined as fish maintained in tanks since week 0 of challenge, whereas ‘naïve fish’ were defined as fish added to tanks once temperature in water reached <26 °C at 21 weeks post‐challenge. Fno genome equivalents (GEs) in water were similar in all treatments 1 h post‐challenge; however, significantly lower Fno GEs were detected 2 weeks post‐challenge in all tanks, and the only treatment with detectable Fno GE after 4 weeks of challenge were the O. mossambicus tanks. Twenty‐one weeks post‐challenge, naïve fish were stocked with ‘resident’ cohorts. Over a 4‐week period, mortalities occurred consistently only in O. mossambicus naïve cohorts. Overall presence of granulomas in spleen of survivors was similar (>55%) in all resident populations; however, in naïve populations, only O. mossambicus presented granulomas. Similarly, only O. mossambicus presented viable Fno in the spleen of survivors, and Fno GEs were only detected in O. mossambicus, and in resident O. aureus. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest different susceptibility of tilapia species to piscine francisellosis.     

Prevalence and Species Identity of Trypanorhyncha in Cultured and Wild Amberjack,Seriola spp. in Hawaii – Implications for Aquaculture

The advent of molecular technologies allow for identification of organisms that were previously challenging or not possible. Conventional polymerase chain reaction analyses of a segment of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene from trypanorhynch plerocerci obtained from cultured and wild caught amberjacks, Seriola dumerili, and Seriola rivoliana of the family Carangidae from Hawai‘i and Japan were found to be 100% identical, indicating that the cestodes from Japan and Hawai‘i are the same species, Protogrillotia zerbiae. The prevalence of the trypanorhynch plerocerci found in the musculature of Hawai‘i wild‐caught S. dumerili and S. rivoliana was 86.9 and 72.7%, respectively. In stark contrast, no trypanorhynch plerocerci have been detected in S. rivoliana cultured in Hawai‘i and they are only rarely seen in S. dumerili cultured in Japan. Trypanorhynch plerocerci are part of a complex life cycle that involves the transmission in at least two intermediate hosts before finally residing in a host shark species. The results of this study indicate that artificial propagation of the amberjacks using manipulated diets has most likely disrupted the life cycle of this tapeworm, thus reducing the prevalence of this parasite in farmed amberjacks and enhancing the marketability of cultured amberjack.     

Rotifers fed various diets of baker''s yeast and/or Nannochloropsis oculata and their effect on the growth and survival of striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) and milkfish (Chanos chanos) larvae

The rotifer Brachionus plicatilis (S-type Hawaiian strain) was cultured with various combinations of baker's yeast and Nannochloropsis oculata. There were no significant differences in the daily rotifer production and amino acid profiles of the resulting rotifers. The significantly lower levels of fatty acids (C14, C16, C20:4n−6, C20:5n−3 and C22:6n−3) observed in the rotifers were found to correspond with the amount of yeast presented in their diet. The low survival and growth of striped mullet larvae recorded at Day 15 posthatching indicates that rotifers fed only yeast were nutritionally deficient in fatty acids. The fatty acid requirements of mullet, however, appeared to be satisfied with rotifers cultured on a combination of yeast and N. oculata. In contrast, no significant differences in larval milkfish survival and growth at Day 10 posthatching were detected when using rotifers fed the various diets in the larval rearing protocol.     

Limited water exchange production systems for freshwater ornamental fish

Two biofilter designs and a control were tested in triplicate to determine if inexpensive bioremediation devices could increase production and decrease water use on ornamental fish farms in Hawaii. Koi (Cyprinus carpio L.) were used as the model species and the experiment was conducted outdoors in greenwater. When fish density was 9.7 kg per 2.08 m³ and they were eating 125 g day^?1, the 20 L trickle filters were able to maintain acceptable water quality. Tanks with the same size submerged filters suffered significantly lower dissolved oxygen levels compared with tanks with trickle filters and control tanks with no biofilters exhibited significantly higher nitrite‐nitrogen (about 20 mg L^–1) and nitrate levels (about 400 mg L^–1). As typical ornamental fish weigh 3 g, the trickle biofilter system described here can produce 1.55 fish L^?1 (compared with the industry standard 0.25 fish L^?1) and use very little water other than the water originally in the tanks.