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1.
The minimum dietary vitamin C requirement for optimal growth and normal development in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry at the onset of feeding was studied, using Ca ascorbate-2-monophosphate (AP) as dietary source. The requirement was established by means of a feeding study lasting for 23 weeks from the beginning of feeding. The practical diets used were supplemented with AP at levels of 0, 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 mg ascorbic acid (AA) equivalents/kg. Growth, mortality, hydroxyproline content in skin and backbone, and AA in liver were recorded to evaluate the results. The results suggest that the minimum dietary requirement for optimal growth and normal development is in the range of 10–20 mg AA equivalents/kg dry diet during the period studied. 相似文献
2.
Oyvind Lie Herborg Haaland Gro-Ingunn Hemre Amund Maage Einar Lied Grethe Rosenlund Kjartan Sandnes Yngvar Olsen 《Aquaculture International》1997,5(5):427-438
Rotifers, Brachionus plicatilis, fed baker's yeast and a lipid emulsion (High DNA Super Selco, INVE Aquaculture NV Systems SA, Belgium), were harvested and fed Isochrysis galbana for 72 h, the nutrient composition was analysed during this period. The enrichment effect on the rotifers following transfer to I. galbana was most pronounced for ascorbic acid and thiamin. I. galbana seemed to contribute very little as a source of the lipid-soluble vitamins. Most of the minerals and trace elements were unaffected by the transfer to I. galbana, but Fe, Mn, As and Cd increased, Cu and Ni decreased whereas the effect on Cr and Mo were uncertain. The fatty acid composition of the rotifers changed towards the composition of I. galbana during the experimental period. Intermediate glycogen levels were measured in the rotifers at all sampling times. With the exception of lysine, serine and proline, all amino acid levels seemed to be unaffected by the transfer to I. galbana. This study showed that transfer of rotifers to microalgae (I. galbana) feeding had a positive effect on nutritional value. Macronutrients were maintained at adequate levels, and algal feeding improved the nutritional quality of rotifers with respect to water-soluble vitamins. Changes in rotifer nutrient composition are discussed in relation to nutritional requirements of fish larvae. 相似文献
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4.
Anders Mangor-Jensen Jens Chr . Holm Grethe Rosenlund Øosyvind Lie Kjartan Sandnes 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》1994,25(1):30-40
The effects of dietary vitamin C on maturation and egg quality of cod Gadus morhua L. have been investigated. The broodstock groups were fed three different levels of vitamin C mixed into a commercial dry pellet. The experimental feeding started three months prior to the spawning season. Naturally spawned eggs were collected and analyzed with regard to viability, biochemical composition and physical characteristics. Differences in free amino acid profile, egg strength and neutral buoyancy were found, whereas no effects on vital parameters, such as fertilization rate and survival rate, were detected. 相似文献
5.
Rune Waagbø Johan Glette Espen Raa-Nilsen Kjartan Sandnes 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1993,12(1):61-73
Presmolt Atlantic salmon were fed a fish meal based experimental diet supplemented with graded levels of ascorbate-2-monophosphate
(AP), equivalent to 40, 400, 2000 and 4000 mg ascorbic acid (AA)/kg for 6 months prior to a bacterial challenge experiment.
The liver AA concentration reflected the dietary intake of AP, but not linearly. Growth, hematology and acid phosphatase activity
in zymosan stimulated macrophages were not affected by dietary AP. Serum hemolytic complement activity was higher in fish
fed the highest AP level, but the variation was not significant. Production of specific antibodies was significantly higher
in fish fed the highest AP level 11 and 17 weeks after vaccination. Bacterial challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida showed increased survival in the 4000 AP group. Lysozyme activity in headkidney and serum complement activity and serum iron
in fish surviving the challenge were higher in the 4000 AP group, indicating important roles of vitamin C on lysozyme, complement
and iron in non-specific disease resistance. The results indicate that high dietary levels of AP favourably affect health
in Atlantic salmon. Disease resistance was, however, not correlated with the AA status in the liver. 相似文献
6.
Effects of inositol supplementation on growth, chemical composition and blood chemistry in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fry 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The present experiment reports on the effects of inositol supplementation from 0 to 1600 mg kg−1 to a fishmeal-based diet on growth, inositol retention, proximate composition (dry matter, protein and lipid) and blood chemistry in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., fry during a 28-week feeding experiment. Growth was affected to a minor extent, and only during the first 4 weeks of the experiment. Mortality was low and not related to dietary inositol. The inositol concentration in whole fish and liver was affected by dietary inositol supplementation. Proximate composition of whole fish was similar among dietary groups, except for positive correlations between dry matter, lipid and protein and dietary inositol supplementation after 8 weeks. Analyses of hepatic lipid classes after 8 weeks showed non-significant differences among the groups, mostly explained by somewhat reduced total hepatic lipid accumulation with increasing dietary inositol. Triacylglycerol and phosphatidylcholine accounted for 80% and 8–10% of the hepatic lipids (approximately 80 mg lipid g−1 wet weight) in all groups. Blood haemoglobin was positively correlated and plasma triacylglycerol was negatively correlated to dietary inositol supplementation at week 28, while plasma protein and cholesterol were unaffected. The present results indicate that the requirement of Atlantic salmon fry for inositol is covered through the natural content of inositol in practical feed ingredients at around 300 mg inositol kg−1 . It may, however, be advisable to supplement starter diets with moderate amounts of inositol, around 200 mg kg−1 , to compensate for fluctuations in inositol concentrations in natural ingredients, leaching loss of inositol from the diet and for any potential increased inositol requirement in salmon fry. 相似文献
7.
The present experiment shows that ascorbate-2-sulfate (AS) is not equivalent to ascorbic acid (AA) as a dietary vitamin C
source for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Within reasonable feed supplemental levels AS does not provide the tissues with adequate supplies of vitamin C to secure
optimal physiological functions as demonstrated by biochemical and haematological analyses.
AS could not be detected in the liver of fish fed either AA or AS, nor in vitamin C — deprived salmon, suggesting that AS
is not the natural storage form of vitamin C in this species.
There were no significant differences in antibody production against a soluble artificial antigen (NIP11-LPH) in fish fed 500 and 5000 mg AA/Kg dry diet or equivalent amounts of AS during a period of six weeks at a water temperature
of 7.2°C. 相似文献
8.
Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., (14 g) were fed a practical fish-meal-based diet supplemented with 0. 10, 20. 40, 80 and 160 mg pyridoxine (PN) per kg feed for 20 weeks. Tissue vitamin B6 contents were significantly reduced in fish fed the non-supplemented diet compared with fish fed PN-supplemented diets. Serum haemolytic complement activity and head kidney lysozyme activity, and the specific antibody response following immunization with Vibrio salmonicida. were not influenced by the dietary regimes. Challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida showed that increasing the dietary levels of vitamin B6 did not improve the resistance to furunculosis. Growth, mortality and haematology were not affected by supplementing a practical diet with vitamin B6 In conclusion, feed levels of vitamin B6 higher than the minimum dietary requirement did not enhance immune functions and disease resistance in Atlantic salmon. 相似文献
9.
Amund Maage Rune Waagbø Per Erik Olsson Kaare Julshamn Kjartan Sandnes 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1990,8(6):429-436
Atlantic salmon fingerlings were fed a vitamin C deficient diet for four months. The fish were then provided a dry, practical
fishmeal based diet supplemented with 0, 500 or 5000 mg vitamin C/kg as L-ascorbic acid or equivalent amounts of ascorbate-2-sulfate.
After six weeks on these diets ten fish in each group were injected with a soluble antigen (NIP11-LPH). Six weeks thereafter blood, liver, kidney, spleen and vertebrae were examined for trace elements. The livers were also
analysed for metallothionein.
The vitamin C deficient fish were anemic despite the significantly elevated iron concentrations in the liver. Vitamin C had
no positive effect in lowering tissue levels of cadmium. The highest level of dietary vitamin C given as ascorbic acid reduced
the liver selenium concentrations. In response to antigen injection, the fish in all groups showed increased levels of hepatic
metallothionein, copper, zinc and cadmium, while hepatic selenium and iron levels were less affected. The elemental composition
in other organs was affected by the antigen injection to a minor extent. 相似文献
10.
Carbohydrate nutrition in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.: growth and feed utilization 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Five groups of Altantic salmon, Salmo salar L., (80 g postsmolt) were fed moist diets containing increasing levels of starch from 0% to 31% and concomitant decreasing levels of protein. The results showed that feeding a diet containing 22% lipid with no starch or a starch inclusion higher than 22% exerts negative effects on growth and feed utilization. A starch inclusion above 9% resulted in decreased starch digestibility, while protein digestibility was not influenced by the dietary starch content. Undigested starch is suggested to affect lipid digestibility in the same manner as dietary fibre. The reduced digestibility by high levels of dietary starch led to increased loss of particulate matter to the environment. Taking into account feed utilization and environmental aspects, the present experiment suggests that a diet containing approximately 9% starch is optimal. 相似文献