黄土高原不同纬度下刺槐林土壤生态化学计量学特征研究

为了阐明黄土高原不同纬度地区刺槐林土壤的生态化学计量学特征,对黄土高原由南向北13个县区刺槐林下的土壤碳、氮、磷化学计量学特征进行了测定与分析.结果表明:(1)阳坡0 ～ 10 cm土壤C∶N比、C∶P比、N∶P比的变化范围分别为9.48～15.33、8.93～ 59.79、0.77～5.11,10 ～ 20 cm土壤分别为9.13 ～13.57、7.85～ 37.69、0.44 ～ 3.19;阴坡0～ 10 cm土壤C∶N比、C∶P比、N∶P比分别为8.58 ～13.75、9.46 ～ 47.71、0.76～ 3.63,10～20 cm土壤分别为7.60～13.41、5.99 ～31.28、0.54～2.65.(2)土壤全氮的空间分布与有机碳具有一致性,均随纬度的升高呈指数减小的趋势,表层大于表下层,且随着纬度的升高该差异逐渐减小;全磷的空间变异性低于有机碳和全氮,研究区内土壤全磷含量随纬度的升高呈先增加后减小的趋势.(3)土壤C∶N比随纬度的升高无明显的变化趋势,而C∶P比和N∶P比随纬度的升高显著减小;土壤C∶N∶P比均随着土层增加而减小,但差异不显著.     

The Impact of Egg Ozonation on Hatching Success,Larval Growth,and Survival of Atlantic Cod,Atlantic Salmon,and Rainbow Trout

The direct exposure of fish eggs to ozonated water has generated interest as a means of ensuring pathogen-free eggs without the use of harsh chemicals. However, there are numerous knowledge gaps, including safe contact times, exposure levels, and potential long-term effects on aquaculture species in both freshwater and seawater. The effect of different ozone (O₃) doses (0.5–1.0, 1.5–2.0, and 2.5–3.0 mg of O₃/L for 90 s) on recently fertilized eggs of Atlantic Cod Gadus morhua and eyed eggs of Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar and Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was evaluated in comparison with the effects of two commercial disinfectants: Perosan (0.004 mg/L) and Ovadine (100 mg/L). The impact of ozone application was evaluated based on hatching success, larval nucleic acid concentration, larval growth, and survival. Overall, results indicated that ozonation of Atlantic Cod eggs at a dose less than 3.0 mg/L for 90 s produced no negative effect on the larvae up to 30 d posthatch. Furthermore, ozonation of Atlantic Salmon and Rainbow Trout eggs generated no negative effect on the larvae, based on monitoring until 85% yolk sac re-absorption (16 d posthatch).

Received May 6, 2014; accepted October 24, 2014     

The domestication and improvement of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

Summary Physiological and morphological characteristics of the two wild and three domesticated subspecies of cowpeas are compared. The wild accessions are alike in having small, hard seeds borne in dehiscent pods, but differ in other characteristics. We suggest that the wild subsp. dekindtiana, from the seasonally-arid tropics, is more likely to have been the progenitor of modern cowpeas than the other wild subspecies (subsp. mensensis), but that subsp. dekindtiana was first cultivated in the humid tropics where its pods are slow to dehisce. Domestication has been associated with changes in the structure of pod valves and seed coats which reduce pod dehiscence and seed hardness. Pods and seeds have increased in size, mainly by increases in the rate of dry weight accumulation, and their increase has been only partly paralleled by increase in the area of subtending leaves. There has been no increase in the maximum photosynthetic rate of leaves, but the duration of their photosynthetic activity has increased. Domesticates are less sensitive than are wild plants to some environmental controls, such as in the response of germination to temperature, but in their flowering responses to daylength both wild and cultivated forms retain sensitivity under conditions where this is of adaptive value.     

Yield of synthetic backcross-derived lines in rainfed environments of Australia

Wheat is one of the major food crops in the world. It is Australia’s largest crop and most important agricultural commodity. In Australia the crop is grown under rainfed conditions with inherently important regional environmental differences; wheat growing areas are characterized by winter dominant rainfall in southern and western Australia and summer rainfall in northern Australia. Maximizing yield potential across these diverse regions is dependent upon managing, either genetically or agronomically, those factors in the environment that limit yield. The potential of synthetic backcross lines (SBLs) to increase yield in the diverse agroecological zones of Australia was investigated. Significant yield advantages were found for many of the SBLs across diverse environments. Depending on the environment, the yield of the SBLs ranged from 8% to 30% higher than the best local check in Australia. Apart from adaptation to semiarid water stressed conditions, some SBLs were also found to be significantly higher yielding under more optimal (irrigated) conditions. The four testing environments were classified into two groups, with the northern and southern environments being in separate groups. An elite group of SBLs was identified that exhibited broad adaptation across all diverse Australian environments included in this study. Other SBLs showed specific adaptation to either northern or southern Australia. This study showed that SBLs are likely to provide breeders with the opportunity to significantly improve wheat yield beyond what was previously possible in a number of diverse production environments.     

魔芋飞粉生物碱的抑菌活性及抑菌机理研究

【目的】探究魔芋飞粉生物碱(Alkaloid from konjac powder,AKP)的抑菌作用及其对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌机理,为新型天然抑菌剂和防腐剂的开发提供理论依据。【方法】采用液体倍比稀释法,确定AKP对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、鼠伤寒沙门氏菌4株供试菌的最小抑菌质量浓度(Minimum inhibitoryconcentration,MIC),并采用牛津杯法测定AKP对上述4株供试菌的抑菌圈大小;通过测定在AKP作用下,大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的生长曲线、菌体培养液电导率及观察细胞膜完整性、细胞形态等,对AKP的抑菌作用及其机理进行分析。【结果】AKP对4株供试菌均有明显的抑制作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用最强(MIC为10mg/mL),大肠杆菌次之(MIC为20mg/mL)。AKP对供试菌的抑菌圈直径依次为金黄色葡萄球菌大肠杆菌枯草芽孢杆菌鼠伤寒沙门氏菌。菌体生长曲线显示,AKP对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的生长有明显的抑制效果。AKP作用后,大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌细胞膜受损,存活率显著降低,菌体培养液电导率显著上升。电镜观察发现,AKP使菌体细胞膜出现破损,部分菌体出现空腔。【结论】AKP具有抑菌作用,其可能通过破坏细菌细胞膜结构而导致内容物外泄,进而影响细胞的生长代谢或造成细胞死亡,从而抑制其生长。     

不同ELISA试剂盒评价口蹄疫O型、A型二价灭活苗免疫效果对比

为对比不同ELISA试剂盒评价口蹄疫O型、A型二价灭活苗免疫效果的差异,选取市面上3种不同厂家生产的口蹄疫ELISA检测试剂盒,同时检测3个免疫不同口蹄疫O型、A型二价灭活苗羊场的抗体水平。结果显示：3种试剂盒检测不同场口蹄疫O型抗体合格率均在70%以上,符合率为72.41%~100%;S2试剂盒检测3个场的A型抗体合格率均高于70%,S1和S3试剂盒各有2个场的合格率低于70%,且3种试剂盒符合率较低,为48.28%~68.97%。结果表明,不同ELISA试剂盒评价口蹄疫免疫效果存在一定差异,其中检测A型抗体试剂盒差异显著（P＜0.05）;3种ELISA试剂盒均可用于口蹄疫O型抗体检测,但并不全适合于A型抗体检测。本试验为相关实验室选择合适试剂盒提供了依据。     

Comparative utility of egg blastomere morphology and lipid biochemistry for prediction of hatching success in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L.

Six blastomere morphology parameters indicative of cell development abnormalities, egg diameter, dry weight, total lipid, lipid classes and fatty acids were determined for egg batches collected daily from three Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) broodstock groups over the course of one spawning season. Egg batches were incubated to hatch and each morphological and biochemical parameter was tested as a predictor of hatching success. Five of the six blastomere morphology parameters were significantly positively correlated with each other. Correlation coefficients among several fatty acid parameters were also significant but correlation coefficients among the various lipid classes were mostly not significant. No significant correlations were found between blastomere morphology and lipid class or fatty acid parameters. Egg dry weight was negatively correlated with cell clarity, %docosahexanoic acid (DHA), DHA:eicosapentaenoic acid, and Σ polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fertilization success was not significantly correlated with any of the morphology or biochemistry parameters. Within‐population variability in several morphological and fatty acid parameters was related to elapsed time since onset of first spawning. However, the occurrence of such relationships with elapsed time was highly variable and inconsistent among the three broodstocks, typically being significant for only one or two broodstocks but not all three. Mean hatching success rates were high (>75%) in all three broodstocks but hatching success was not significantly related to any of the morphological or biochemical parameters nor to elapsed time from onset of first spawning. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of the utility of the various morphology and biochemistry parameters as measures of egg quality in marine finfish hatcheries.     

The possibility of sex control by artificial insemination with centrifuged spermatozoa

The results of experiments carried out at the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station to test the possibility of controlling sex by artificial insemination with centrifuged spermatozoa in rabbits and swine are presented. Microscopic studies of spermatozoa showed dimorphism in the head lengths but separation by centrifuging was not complete. According to the chromosome theory, if the ovum is fertilized by an X-bearing spermatozoon, the resulting individual will contain 2 X chromosomes in its cells and will be female. If the ovumn is fertilized by a Y-bearing chromoxome spermatozoon, the resulting individual will contain and X and a Y chromosome in its cells and be a male. The Y-containing spermatozoa are thought to have smaller heads than the X-containing ones. Centrifugal separation of male- and female-producing spermatozoa was attempted with liquid recovered by means of a catheter from the vagina and uterus of rabbits. Other rabbits were then artificially inseminated with portions of this liquid and sex of young produced was recorded. Many young were produced from centrifuged spermatozoa and many from spermatozoa exposed to low temperatures for periods up to 24 hours. Modification of sex ratios was not significant. This investigation failed to show a practical method of controlling sex ratios among the offspring of higher animals.