Dietary carotenoids and skin melanin content influence the coloration of farmed red porgy (Pagrus pagrus)

The present study investigates the effects of dietary carotenoid sources on the coloration of the red porgy, Pagrus pagrus. Red porgies (131.9 ± 16.2 g; mean ± SD) were fed for 12 weeks on five different diets supplemented with red carotenoids (mainly astaxanthin esters) supplied from Haematococcus pluvialis algae and yellow carotenoids (mainly β‐carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin) supplied from Alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. and Spirulina, Spirulina pacifica. The carotenoid‐supplemented diets did not have any marked effect on the growth rate, the feed conversion ratio, the daily feeding rate, or the hepatosomatic index of red porgy. The biochemical indices measured in plasma including cholesterol, total proteins, glucose, lactate, phospholipids, non‐esterified fatty acids, triglycerides, and thyroid hormones did not differ significantly among groups. Diet did not affect significantly the melanophore‐area coverage, the melanin skin concentration and skin lightness. Carotenoid‐supplemented diets affected significantly the carotenoid deposition in the skin, the presence and distribution of erythorphores and xanthophores, and skin hue and chroma. Overall, data have shown the efficacy of Haematococcus algae in promoting a reddish coloration in red porgy.     

不同来源三疣梭子蟹池塘养殖的生长比较

2014和2015年,将试验池塘分隔成2000m2的单个池塘,分别养殖3种来源的三疣梭子蟹:自然海域捕获的越冬蟹经室内暂养(称越冬种群)、首次放流的Ⅱ期幼蟹(增殖种群)和自然海区第一批抱卵蟹繁殖的Ⅱ期幼蟹(自繁种群),研究了同生态条件下池塘养殖梭子蟹的存活和生长,为评估莱州湾海域三疣梭子蟹放流效果提供参考。2014年越冬、增殖和自繁3个种群幼蟹的放养时间依次间隔20d,以3个种群梭子蟹作为类轴,分别以全甲宽及体质量为x、y轴进行二维图相关分析。结果表明,在同步养殖10d、20d时,可以直观区分出3个种群梭子蟹;同步养殖30d,参照全甲宽和体质量指标,只能区分自繁种群与越冬种群;同步养殖40d,自繁和增殖种群全甲宽和体质量指标逐步接近越冬种群,无法对3个种群进行有效区分。自繁种群的成活率极显著高于增殖种群(P0.01)。2015年,增殖和自繁两个种群同规格同步养殖15、30、45d和60d时,自繁种群平均全甲宽和平均体质量高于增殖种群,但差异不显著(P0.05),不能以全甲宽和体质量指标鉴别种群,自繁种群的成活率亦极显著高于增殖种群(P0.01)。本研究结果为梭子蟹增殖放流效果评价提供了参考。     

脲酶/硝化抑制剂在土壤N转化过程中的作用

综述了脲酶抑制剂/硝化抑制剂对土壤氮的转化过程:尿素水解过程、硝化过程、硝酸盐淋溶过程、反硝化过程、微生物固持过程、N矿化过程及气体挥发过程的影响和抑制剂的作用机理,并提出今后研究的发展方向,为今后如何施用抑制剂来提高土壤中氮素利用率和减少环境污染提供一定的参考价值。     

尿素氮形态转化对腐殖酸的响应

通过模拟试验研究了不同用量腐殖酸对土壤中尿素氮形态转化的影响。结果表明,腐殖酸对尿素态氮形态转化的影响受其施用量的制约。与对照相比,低浓度腐殖酸(<15gkg-1)对尿素水解及以后的氮转化过程抑制作用较小,有时甚至促进了尿素水解;高浓度腐殖酸(15gkg-1和20gkg-1)则能明显的抑制尿素水解,延长尿素态氮在土壤中的停留时间,增加铵态氮含量,减少硝态氮的生成及氮素损失量,大大提高尿素利用效率。由此可见,腐殖酸不仅是一种脲酶抑制剂,还是一种硝化抑制剂。     

不同玉米芯含量对培养料中酶活和木耳产量及其子实体中氨基酸含量的影响

探讨玉米芯含量不同对木耳(Auricularia auricula-judae)培养料中木质素酶和纤维素酶以及子实体产量和氨基酸含量的影响,设置培养料中玉米芯含量分别为10%、30%、50%和70%,在菌丝生长满袋后(菌丝期)和子实体期(第4潮耳出菇期)分别从菌袋的上中下3个部位取培养料混合,测定酶活及木质素和纤维素含量;采收子实体统计4潮菇的产量并测定子实体中氨基酸含量。结果表明:当培养料中玉米芯含量为50%时,菌丝生长速度最快。在菌丝期,当培养料中玉米芯含量为70%时木质素过氧化物酶活性最高,当玉米芯含量为50%时锰过氧化物酶活性最高,漆酶活性随玉米芯含量的增加而降低;羧甲基纤维素酶在4个配方中活性均较高,其中当玉米芯含量为30%时酶活性最高;随玉米芯含量的增加,N-乙酰β-D-葡萄糖苷酶活性升高,β-1,3-葡聚糖酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶和内切β-1,4-葡聚糖酶活性呈先升高后降低的趋势,当玉米芯含量为50%时酶活性达到最高。在子实体期,除木质素过氧化物酶和漆酶外,其余几种酶随玉米芯含量的增加,活性的变化规律均与菌丝期不同。在菌丝期,随玉米芯含量增加,培养料中的木质素含量逐渐减少,纤维素含量逐渐增加;在子实体期,随玉米芯含量增加,培养料中的木质素和纤维素含量均先减少后增加,当培养料中玉米芯含量为50%时含量最低。当培养料中玉米芯含量为50%时子实体每袋总单产和总产量均最高;当玉米芯含量为30%时,子实体中氨基酸及其衍生物含量最高,其中包括人体必需的8种氨基酸。因此培养料中添加玉米芯可以提高与木质素、纤维素降解相关的酶活性,但是不同的酶在不同含量玉米芯的培养料中分泌规律存在差异。     

TWO-DIMENSIONAL COLOR TISSUE DOPPLER IMAGING DETECTS MYOCARDIAL DYSFUNCTION BEFORE OCCURRENCE OF HYPERTROPHY IN A YOUNG MAINE COON CAT

A 20-month-old healthy male Maine Coon cat was referred for a cardiovascular evaluation. Physical examination and electrocardiogram were normal. The end-diastolic subaortic interventricular septal thickness (6 mm; reference range: < or = 6mm) and the mitral flow late diastolic velocity (0.89 m/s; reference range: 0.2-0.8m/s) were within the upper ranges. However, M-mode echocardiography did not reveal any sign of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) identified a marked left ventricular free wall dysfunction characterized by decreased myocardial velocities in early diastole, increased myocardial velocities in late diastole and the presence of postsystolic contractions both at the base and the apex for the longitudinal motion. One year later, the diagnosis of HCM was confirmed by conventional echocardiography and the cat died suddenly 2 months later. This report demonstrates for the first time in spontaneous HCM the sensitivity of TDI for early diagnosis of myocardial dysfunction and suggests that TDI should form part of the screening techniques for early diagnosis of feline HCM.     

Biomechanical Comparison of the Trocar Tip Point and the Hollow Ground Tip Point for Smooth External Skeletal Fixation Pins

Objective —To compare the insertional characteristics of external fixator pins with hollow ground (HG), modified HG, and trocar (T) points.
Study Design —An acute, in vitro biomechanical evaluation.
Sample Population—Thirteen radii from canine cadavers.
Methods —A total of 16 T-tipped and 16 HG-tipped pins were inserted into 8 canine radii. Ten pins of each modification of the HG tip (length of the cutting edge reduced by 0.127 mm and 0.254 mm, respectively) were inserted into another five radii. All pins were inserted with low-speed power drilling and 80 N drilling load. Differences between peak tip temperature, drilling energy, and pullout force were determined for each pin type at both diaphyseal and metaphyseal locations.
Results —HG-tipped pins showed a 40% lower tip temperature in diaphyseal bone, a 25% reduction in drilling energy in diaphyseal bone, and a reduction of pullout force in both diaphyseal (65%) and metaphyseal (50%) bone compared with T-tipped pins. HG 0.254-mm pins generated higher tip temperatures and had greater pullout than HG pins in diaphyseal bone.
Conclusions —The HG tip was a more efficient design; however, the reduction in pullout force suggests that, because a better hole was drilled, radial preload is reduced. Reduction of the cutting edge by 0.254 mm increased the pullout force but also increased the temperatures.
Clinical Relevance —Thermal and microstructural damage are reduced by the HG tip, but pin-bone interface stability is also compromised. The use of a tip with 0.254 mm reduction in the cutting edge may optimize the biological and mechanical factors at the pin-bone interface.     

IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—ULTRASOUND-GUIDED ETHANOL SCLEROTHERAPY FOR A SIMPLE RENAL CYST

Solitary renal cysts are benign and in the majority of instances asymptomatic and do not require treatment. Nevertheless, treatment may be required if abdominal discomfort or pain, hypertension, infection or renal outflow obstruction occur. Under these circumstances, percutaneous management of the cyst is the easiest and fastest procedure, and no major complications are generally encountered. In this report we describe a patient with a solitary renal cyst treated successfully by a single injection of ethanol into the cyst. The sonographic appearance of the cyst changed from a well-defined hypoechoic structure to an ill-defined hyperechoic region. Canine renal cysts may be successfully managed in some instances by a single ethanol injection.     

下辽河平原潮棕壤稻田的无机态氮淋溶

应用陶土渗滤管法．研究了不同施氮和渗漏条件下潮棕壤稻田的氮淋溶损失。结果表明：稻季各次施用氮肥后，60cm和90cm深处渗漏液中NH4^＋-N含量都小于2mg／L。并且各施氮肥处理和对照间差别不显著；但硝酸盐淋溶比较显著，多集中在3～15mg／L之间。硝酸盐淋溶随施氮量增加而增加，90cm深度渗漏液中这一趋势更为明显。水分渗漏状况影响硝酸盐在不同土层深度的累积：渗水越快。硝酸盐淋溶深度越大。渗水较快或者施氮量高时，硝酸盐的淋溶浓度高于国际饮用水卫生标准10mg／L。施用基肥后灌水．NH4^＋ -N、NO3^- -N立即出现高峰．而施用分蘖肥和穗肥后，高峰出现在施肥后10d或更久；另处基肥时期淋溶氮的浓度也比较高。     

Evaluation of Thoracic Duct Healing After Experimental Laceration and Transection

Healing of the thoracic duct (TD) was evaluated clinically and histologically in six healthy dogs. A 2.5 cm longitudinal laceration of the caudal TD was created in three dogs and the caudal TD was completely transected in three other dogs. The site of the defect was identified by placing one 4-0 stainless steel suture in the tissue adjacent to the TD defect. All dogs developed a chylous effusion confirmed by biochemical analysis. By five days after surgery in dogs with TD lacerations, and by 10 days after surgery in dogs with TD transections, thoracic effusion had ceased. Lymphangiography, performed seven days after resolution of thoracic effusion, showed TD patency only in the dogs with TD lacerations. The TD did not appear to be patent in dogs with TD transections. Histologically, in dogs with TD lacerations, one moderately dilated lymphatic vessel was seen at the surgical site in one animal and the thoracic duct and other lymphatics in the two other dogs appeared normal. Minimal perivascular accumulations of neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes were present adjacent to two lymphatics in one animal. A mild increase in fibrous connective tissue and neovascularization was present in the adjacent subpleura. In dogs with complete transections, three to six dilated lymphatics were present at the transection site. Mild thickening of the tunica media was present in one thoracic duct, associated with a "J"-shaped area of condensed collagen, presumed to be a collapsed thoracic duct in one animal. Mild to moderate accumulations of macrophages, lymphocytes, and moderate neovascularization was present in the surrounding tissue, separating it from the underlying connective tissue. Healed TDs could not be differentiated histologically from normal TDs.