High frequency embryogenic callus induction and plant regeneration from mature caryposis of big bluestem and little bluestem

Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) and little bluestem [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michaux) Nash.] are native to the North America and are important forage grasses and ornamental grasses. Both grasses are proposed as ideal biomass producers for cellulosic ethanol production. To apply genetic transformation, which is an important tool for incorporating desirable agronomic traits into plants to both species, however requires an efficient and reproducible regeneration protocol. We used mature caryopses from big and little bluestem as explants and tested the effect of various combinations of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) (1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 mg l⁻¹) and kinetin (KT) (0, 0.1 or 0.2 mg l⁻¹) on embryogenic callus induction with LS as the basal medium. The highest percentage of embryogenic calli induction occurred on medium containing 2, 4-D alone at 2 mg l⁻¹ for ‘Bison’ and on medium containing 4 mg l⁻¹ 2, 4-D alone for ‘Bonilla’ big bluestem. For little bluestem, the highest percentage of embryogenic callus induction occurred on medium containing 3 mg l⁻¹ 2, 4-D plus 0.1 mg l⁻¹ kinetin, suggesting that addition of KT is beneficial. Shoot regeneration took place on LS basal medium without any plant growth regulator for both species, although the addition of KT increased both regeneration frequency and the number of shoots produced per callus. Rooting of shoots reaching about 2 cm long occurred readily with or without α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Rooted plantlets were all successfully established in the soil.     

浅谈提高高寒山区大豆单产的途径

本文分析了限制黑河地区大豆单产提高的原因，其原因是盲目引种、密度不适宜、肥效降低、病虫危害严重及重迎茬问题。提出了提高高寒山区大豆单产的方法。     

Can treatment of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brachiaria decumbens</Emphasis> (signal grass) improve its utilisation in the diet in small ruminants?—a review

Brachiaria decumbens is an extremely productive tropical grass due to its aggressive growth habit and its adaptation to a varied range of soil types and environments. As a result of the vast availability, treated B. decumbens demonstrates as a promising local material that could be utilised as an improved diet for sheep and goats. Despite the fact that the grass significantly increases weight gains in grazing farm animals, there were many reports of general ill-thrift and sporadic outbreaks of photosensitivity in livestock due to the toxic compound of steroidal saponin found in B. decumbens. Ensiling and haymaking were found to be effective in removing toxin and undesirable compounds in the grass. Biological treatments using urea, activated charcoal, polyethylene glycol, and effective microorganisms were found to be useful in anti-nutritional factor deactivation and improving the nutritive values of feedstuffs. Besides, oral administration of phenobarbitone showed some degree of protection in sheep that fed on B. decumbens pasture. In this review, we aim to determine the effect of B. decumbens toxicity and possible treatment methods on the grass to be used as an improved diet for small ruminant.     

Genomic characterization of the first oral avian papillomavirus in a colony of breeding canaries (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Serinus canaria</Emphasis>)

Papillomaviruses are non-enveloped, DNA viruses that infect skin and mucosa of a wide variety of vertebrates, causing neoplasias or simply persisting asymptomatically. Avian papillomaviruses, with six fully sequenced genomes, are the second most studied group after mammalian papillomaviruses. In this study, we describe the first oral avian papillomavirus, detected in the tongue of a dead Yorkshire canary (Serinus canaria) and in oral swabs of the same bird and other two live canaries from an aviary in Madrid, Spain. Its genome is 8,071 bp and presents the canonical papillomavirus architecture with six early (E6, E7, E1, E9, E2, E4) and two late open reading frames (L1 and L2) and a long control region between L1 and E6. This new avian papillomavirus L1 gene shares a 64% pairwise identity with FcPV1 L1, so it has been classified as a new species (ScPV1) within the Ethapapillomavirus genus. Although the canary died after showing breathing problems, there is no evidence that the papillomavirus caused those symptoms so it could be part of the oral microbiota of the birds. Hence, future investigations are needed to evaluate the clinical relevance of the virus.     

Knowledge,attitudes and practices towards <Emphasis Type="Italic">cystic echinococcosis</Emphasis> in livestock among selected pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Uganda

A cross-sectional study was done from March 2013 to May 2014 to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatidosis among selected pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Uganda. A structured questionnaire was administered to 381 respondents. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to find the relationship between knowledge about CE and factors such as age, sex, and level of education across all regions. The odds ratio and confidence interval were used to determine the difference in responses across regions. It was shown that age above 36 years was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with awareness about CE in livestock. Likewise, uneducated (p < 0.0001) and agro-pastoralists (p = 0.01) were significantly less knowledgeable than the educated and pastoralists across all regions. The overall knowledge towards CE in livestock was low 17.8% (95% CI = 14.0–21.6). Dog ownership was high and they never dewormed their freely roaming dogs. Dogs shared water with livestock. In conclusion, knowledge about CE in livestock was low across all regions. Therefore, public health education and formulation of policies towards its control by the relevant stakeholders should be done. Also, the true prevalence of CE in livestock needs to be done so that the magnitude and its public health significance are elucidated.     

基于双向晶闸管的有载分接开关启动机构的研究

采用双向晶闸管作为启动机构的分接开关,利用光电耦合器作为控制信号的收发,构成了完全由硬件电路控制操作的新型启动机构,利用变压器的二次侧电压供电,监测及控制,保证有载自动调压分接开关投入运行的可靠性。实验结果表明,完全可以取代蓄电池作为有载自动调压分接开关的启动机构,同时更加科学、安全、可靠。     

复方中草药替代抗生素对肉鸡生产性能及物质代谢的影响

以肉鸡为研究对象,采用单因子随机分组设计,将300羽1日龄肉鸡随机分成4组,每组5个重复,每重复15只(8♂,7♀).组Ⅰ为基础饲料+1%组方1、组Ⅱ为基础饲料+1%组方2、组Ⅲ为基础饲料+1%组方3、组Ⅳ为基础饲料+泰乐菌素为对照组.结果表明:复方中草药添加剂各组的日增重在前期与抗生素组差异不显著(P>0.05),但中草药添加剂组对日增重的影响呈上升趋势,尤以组Ⅱ最明显,在36～42日龄,组Ⅱ的日增重高于抗生素组,且差异显著(P<0.05).在物质代谢方面,组方1在促进干物质代谢率、粗脂肪代谢率、粗灰分代谢率与对照组无显著差异,组方2在促进粗蛋白代谢率的作用略优于对照组,组方3在促进干物质代谢率、粗脂肪代谢率与对照组无差异显著.在肉鸡的生产中,合理的复方中草药可以替代抗生素添加剂.     

民族自治区域的民族民俗旅游开发研究——以吉林省延边朝鲜族自治州为例

在国内外研究进展综述的基础上,本文关注了民族自治区域的民族民俗旅游开发的特殊性。本文认为民族自治区域的民俗旅游开发具有旅游资源丰厚,多以一个或两个民族民俗旅游资源为主,地域空间相对较大,政府在民俗旅游发展中起到重要作用,旅游投入不足等特点。在对其特殊性研究的基础上,提出民族自治区域的开发模式。并以延边朝鲜族自治州为实证,对其开发层次、景区类型、地域特色等进行了研究。这对其他民族自治区域的民俗旅游开发有一定的启示和借鉴作用。     

不同处理方式对华北落叶松抚育剩余物分解的影响

[目的]为提高华北落叶松抚育剩余物的利用率,探索不同处理方式对抚育剩余物分解速率的影响,加快抚育剩余物分解速率,恢复华北落叶松人工林地力,使其保持长期较高的生产力.[方法]以华北落叶松人工林抚育剩余物为研究对象,采用粉碎、尿素、EM菌和木醋液4种处理方法,进行4因素5水平的正交试验设计.通过对剩余物进行25种处理,研究...     

马铃薯黑痣病生防菌的筛选及防治效果

由立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)引起的马铃薯黑痣病由于常年连作和马铃薯种植规模扩大,病害发生越来越严重[1,2].目前马铃薯黑痣病的防治主要依靠农药的施用[3,4],但化学药剂的频繁使用会导致抗药性的产生、同时带来农药残留和环境污染等问题[5].从棉花根际土壤分离得到的多粘类芽胞杆菌Sx3可产生杀镰...