Influence de certains facteurs sur l’efficacité du glyphosate et de l’aminotriazole contre Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.*

L’effet du stress hydrique, du stade d’application et des adjuvants sur l’efficacité du glyphosate contre Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. ont étéétudiés en 1995 et 1996. Il en est de même pour l’effet de la qualité de l’eau de bouillie pour l’aminotriazole en 1996 et 1997. Les résultats montrent que le sulfate d’ammonium améliore nettement l’efficacité du glyphosate utiliséà des doses de 2160 g s.a./ha. Les efficacités obtenues à 360 jours après traitement sont très significativement meilleures dans les parcelles irriguées légèrement (82%) que dans celles maintenues sous stress hydrique (45%). Le contrôle de la mauvaise herbe par le glyphosate s’est avéré bon aussi bien pour les traitements au stade floraison que pour ceux au stade fructification (baies vertes). Les semences issues de plantes traitées au stade floraison ne sont généralement pas viables, contrairement à celles issues de traitements au stade fructification, qui sont viables dans la majorité des cas. Pour ce qui est de l’aminotriazole, les résultats montrent que de bonnes efficacités ne sont obtenues qu’à partir des doses de 7200 g s.a./ha et que cet herbicide est efficace même lorsque l’eau de bouillie est dure, contenant des ions antagonistes tels que Na⁺, Fe⁺⁺, etc.     

Natural outcrossing rate in Vernonia galamensis

Vernonia galamensis is a potential new industrial crop growing wild in Ethiopia. The seed oil is rich in vernolic acid, an epoxy fatty acid, which is of interest for oleochemical uses. Basic information on the reproductive system of Vernonia is still very limited. The amount of natural outcrossing was estimated at two locations in Ethiopia (Alemaya and Babile) using flower colour as a marker. Single plants with white flowers, which is a monogenic recessive trait, were planted in plots with normal pink flowers and the outcrossing rate was estimated from the frequency of pink‐flowered plants in the progeny of the white‐flowered plants. Estimates of the natural outcrossing rate ranged between individual plants from 3.5 to 16% at Alemaya and 2.5 to 12% at Babile. Vernonia galamensis can be classified as a mainly self‐pollinated species.     

林间药剂喷雾防治新疆光肩星天牛的药效试验

通过选择48%乐斯本、5%锐劲特、2.5%溴氰菊酯、8%触破式微胶囊剂、2%噻虫啉微胶囊悬浮剂等5种高效低毒农药对光肩星天牛(Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky)进行喷雾防治试验,结果表明:防治效果较理想的为8%触破式微胶囊剂、2%噻虫啉微胶囊悬浮剂和5%锐劲特3种药剂,防效分别达到80.7%、78.1%和76.3%。     

和田地区农田防护林更新存在问题的研究——以洛浦县为例

选择和田地区特定区域,研究农田防护林树种组成、混交情况、年龄结构等,分析其经营现状及存在的问题。结果表明：洛浦县农田防护林存在混交林比例过低,仅占防护林总面积的11.29%;林龄结构不合理,大多集中于7~16年;防护林树种少、经济价值低;林网规格与保护对象不适应等现实问题。并针对问题提出加强宣传和指导营造混交林;利用防护林防护成熟、工艺成熟和经济成熟期的时间差调整防护林林龄结构;引入夏橡、水曲柳、黑核桃等经济价值高的树种营建混交林带,并积极营建生态经济型防护林;根据保护目标植物适时调整林网大小等解决对策。     

Potato Breeding for Nitrogen-Use Efficiency: Constraints,Achievements, and Future Prospects

In this review, the genetic potential and efforts made on different aspects of potato breeding for nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) and the possible physiological and genetic mechanisms determining NUE in potato in relation to other model crops are presented. Strategies to utilize the diverse gene pool of potato and improve the NUE in contrasting N environments are currently evaluated under field conditions using different selection approaches. So far, focused efforts have been made on the identification of potato genotypic differences which will allow for the analysis of specific components of nitrogen-use efficiency and the effect of nitrogen fertilizer on a range of physiological processes and morphological traits of potato. To my knowledge, despite the availability of genome sequence and QTLs identified for NUE and related agronomic and physiological traits in potato, and genomic information from other model crops, candidate genes on NUE have not yet been identified in potato. To maximize the success rate of potato breeding for NUE, basic knowledge how plants respond to different N regimes and other environmental conditions and use of DNA marker technology are vital.     

Strategie de lutte chimique contre la morelle jaune (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) au Maroc*

La lutte chimique contre Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. a fait l’objet de nombreux travaux de recherche, et ce grâce aux nombreuses expérimentations menées sur un grand nombre d’herbicides (doses, stades d’application, conditions climatiques, biotopes traités, etc.). Les résultats montrent que les herbicides appliqués en cours de végétation n’aboutissent générallement pas à un bon contrôle de l’adventice. En effet, les doses d’herbicides sélectifs de ces cultures sont peu efficaces contre S. elaeagnifolium. Le glyphosate, le sulfosate et l’aminotriazole – herbicides systémiques – se sont montrés très performants et sont préconisés principalement pour le traitement non sélectif des vergers d’oliviers, d’agrumes et d’arbres fruitiers ainsi que des parcelles en postrécolte des cultures (céréales, betterave à sucre, maraîchage). Ils nécessitent des conditions d’application particulières et sont conseillés surtout en cas de fortes infestations. Les phytohormones, l’imazapyr et le bromacile sont utilisés pour le désherbage des bordures de routes publiques boisées et/ou non boisées et éventuellement les parcelles non exploitées. Le bromacile peut être utilisé dans les vergers d’agrumes agés de plus de 4 ans, mais uniquement sur des zones fortement infestées compte tenu de son coût élevé. Par le biais du transfert de technologie chez les agriculteurs, ces derniers ont été convaincus de la possibilité de contrôler cette adventice par le glyphosate et d’autres herbicides lorsqu’un certain nombre de conditions sont respectées. En se basant sur ces résultats, des opérations de lutte chimique ont été menées à grande échelle par les organismes de développement.     

Do Sardinella aurita spawning seasons match local retention patterns in the Senegalese–Mauritanian upwelling region?

Sardinella aurita is the most abundant small pelagic fish in the Senegalese–Mauritanian region. The success of its reproduction crucially depends on the local circulation as this determines whether larvae reach coastal nursery areas favorable to their survival or are dispersed into the open ocean. As a first step towards evaluating sardinella vulnerability to climate‐driven hydrodynamical changes, this study aims at underpinning how transport pathways drive optimal spatial and seasonal patterns for sardinella reproduction. We have used two estimates of the Senegalese–Mauritanian coastal seasonal circulation simulated by two hydrodynamical model configurations that differ in their forcing and topography. Nursery areas are determined by evaluating coastal retention with a Lagrangian individual‐based model that accounts for processes such as diel vertical migration and mortality as a result of lethal temperature exposure. Our results suggest that the shelf zones located at the Arguin Bank (19.5°N–21°N) and south of Senegal (12°N–14.75°N) are highly retentive. We find maximum retention rates in July–August and November–December over the Arguin Bank; from February–July and November–December over the southern Senegalese shelf; and lower retention rates over the central region (14.75°N–19.5°N) that are locally maximum in June–July when the upwelling weakens. These retention areas and their seasonality are in agreement with previously reported spawning patterns, suggesting that the Sardinella aurita spawning strategy may result from a trade‐off between retention patterns associated with the seasonal circulation and food availability. Exposure to lethal temperatures, although not well studied, could be a further limiting factor for spawning. The Lagrangian analysis reveals important connectivity between sub‐regions within and south of the system and hence underlines the importance for joint management of the Sardinella aurita stock.     

Genetic variability and interrelationship of traits in the industrial oil crop Vernonia galamensis

Vernonia galamensis is a wild plant from the family Asteraceae which is endemic to East Africa and has the potential to become a new oil crop for industrial uses. Its seed oil is rich in vernolic acid, a fatty acid of high interest for oleochemical applications. However, a breeding program for Vernonia galamensis cultivars with high seed and oil yields requires knowledge about the genetic variability of traits that influence seed and oil production. This study was undertaken to examine phenotypic and genotypic variability, broad-sense heritability, genetic advance under selection and interrelationships of agronomic and seed quality traits. A total of 122 Vernonia accessions, 115 collected from different regions of Ethiopia and seven introduced, were grown at two locations in Ethiopia (Alemaya and Babile), in 2001/2002 and were analyzed for 20 traits including phenology, yield, yield components, and seed quality with special emphasis on fatty acid composition. The collections exhibited significant variation for all traits except for days to emergence. Genotypes and locations interacted significantly (P 0.01) for all traits. Broad-sense heritability estimates ranged from 11% (for days to emergence) up to 79% (for days to maturity). Expected genetic advance was between 1.3% (for days to emergence) and 44.8% (for seed oil yield). Genetic correlation analysis revealed that seed yield per plant is highly and positively correlated with seed weight and head number; highly significant and negative correlations (r = –0.59, –0.82, –0.85, and –0.89) were found between vernolic acid and palmitic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acid, respectively. Highly significant positive correlations (r = 0.55, 0.44, and 0.36) were observed between vernolic acid and oil content, meal protein content and seed oil yield, respectively. Path-coefficient analysis indicated seed weight and secondary head number to be the most important components of seed yield per plant. Vernolic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid had positive direct effects and stearic acid had a negative direct effect on oil content. The direct positive effect of oleic acid on oil content was, however, compensated by the negative indirect effects of stearic and vernolic acid resulting in a negative correlation (r = –0.60) between oleic acid and oil content. These observations will support the selection of accessions with high seed and oil yield, high meal protein contents, and high vernolic acid content.     

Etat actuel de l’infestation par la morelle jaune (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) au Maroc*

Signalée pour la première fois au Maroc en 1949, la morelle jaune (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) est devenue à partir des années 80 une adventice préoccupante à l’échelle nationale. Dans un premier temps, l’infestation est restée limitée à la région du Tadla. Mais vingt ans ont suffi à la morelle jaune pour sortir de son berceau et se propager vers des régions éloignées. Des études et des enquêtes effectuées au Maroc ont permis de souligner la grande diversité et l’efficacité de facteurs de dissémination tels que: le fumier organique, les ovins, l’eau d’irrigation, les machines agricoles, les plants en motte et le vent. Toutefois, les trois premiers facteurs restent les plus importants. Suivant les conditions locales, certains de ces facteurs de dissémination deviennent prépondérants et peuvent être simultanés ou successifs.     

Survey of Anaplasmataceae bacteria in sheep from Senegal

Purpose

The authors studied the role of bacteria belonging to Anaplasmataceae family as the causes of acute illnesses of sheep in West Africa.

Methods

We examined and sampled 120 febrile sheep in two regions of Senegal for this study. The DNA extracted from these blood samples was tested by PCR using two pairs of primers (groEL-based and 16S rRNA gene-based).

Results

In 52/120 samples, the microscopic examination revealed intraerythrocytic and/or intraphagocytic spherical inclusions. In 48/52 cases, we succeeded in identifying the bacterial agent: in 38 cases, it was Anaplasma ovis; in six cases, it was Ehrlichia ruminantium; in two cases, Anaplasma phagocytophilum; in one case, Anaplasma platys; and in one case, a yet uncultured Anaplasma sp. closely related to A. phagocytophilum.

Conclusions

Our studies demonstrated the great variety of pathogenic bacteria from the Anaplasmataceae family in the blood of clinically ill sheep. A. ovis was identified unexpectedly often. For the first time, A. phagocytophilum was found in sub-Saharan Africa, and its further epidemiology may be now reconsidered. The roles of canine pathogen, A. platys, and yet undescribed Anaplasma sp. “Badiouré” in ovine pathology should be more closely studied.