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2.
Eric Lim Teik Chung Michael Predith Frisco Nobilly Anjas Asmara Samsudin Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse Teck Chwen Loh 《Tropical animal health and production》2018,50(8):1727-1732
Brachiaria decumbens is an extremely productive tropical grass due to its aggressive growth habit and its adaptation to a varied range of soil types and environments. As a result of the vast availability, treated B. decumbens demonstrates as a promising local material that could be utilised as an improved diet for sheep and goats. Despite the fact that the grass significantly increases weight gains in grazing farm animals, there were many reports of general ill-thrift and sporadic outbreaks of photosensitivity in livestock due to the toxic compound of steroidal saponin found in B. decumbens. Ensiling and haymaking were found to be effective in removing toxin and undesirable compounds in the grass. Biological treatments using urea, activated charcoal, polyethylene glycol, and effective microorganisms were found to be useful in anti-nutritional factor deactivation and improving the nutritive values of feedstuffs. Besides, oral administration of phenobarbitone showed some degree of protection in sheep that fed on B. decumbens pasture. In this review, we aim to determine the effect of B. decumbens toxicity and possible treatment methods on the grass to be used as an improved diet for small ruminant. 相似文献
3.
Daniel A. Truchado Michaël A. J. Moens Sergio Callejas Javier Pérez-Tris Laura Benítez 《Veterinary research communications》2018,42(2):111-120
Papillomaviruses are non-enveloped, DNA viruses that infect skin and mucosa of a wide variety of vertebrates, causing neoplasias or simply persisting asymptomatically. Avian papillomaviruses, with six fully sequenced genomes, are the second most studied group after mammalian papillomaviruses. In this study, we describe the first oral avian papillomavirus, detected in the tongue of a dead Yorkshire canary (Serinus canaria) and in oral swabs of the same bird and other two live canaries from an aviary in Madrid, Spain. Its genome is 8,071 bp and presents the canonical papillomavirus architecture with six early (E6, E7, E1, E9, E2, E4) and two late open reading frames (L1 and L2) and a long control region between L1 and E6. This new avian papillomavirus L1 gene shares a 64% pairwise identity with FcPV1 L1, so it has been classified as a new species (ScPV1) within the Ethapapillomavirus genus. Although the canary died after showing breathing problems, there is no evidence that the papillomavirus caused those symptoms so it could be part of the oral microbiota of the birds. Hence, future investigations are needed to evaluate the clinical relevance of the virus. 相似文献
4.
Leonard Omadang Martin Chamai Emmanuel Othieno Andrew Okwi Francis Olaki Inangolet Francis Ejobi Peter Oba Michael Ocaido 《Tropical animal health and production》2018,50(1):11-17
A cross-sectional study was done from March 2013 to May 2014 to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatidosis among selected pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Uganda. A structured questionnaire was administered to 381 respondents. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to find the relationship between knowledge about CE and factors such as age, sex, and level of education across all regions. The odds ratio and confidence interval were used to determine the difference in responses across regions. It was shown that age above 36 years was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with awareness about CE in livestock. Likewise, uneducated (p < 0.0001) and agro-pastoralists (p = 0.01) were significantly less knowledgeable than the educated and pastoralists across all regions. The overall knowledge towards CE in livestock was low 17.8% (95% CI = 14.0–21.6). Dog ownership was high and they never dewormed their freely roaming dogs. Dogs shared water with livestock. In conclusion, knowledge about CE in livestock was low across all regions. Therefore, public health education and formulation of policies towards its control by the relevant stakeholders should be done. Also, the true prevalence of CE in livestock needs to be done so that the magnitude and its public health significance are elucidated. 相似文献
5.
ABSTRACT: The present study reports the annual variation in consumption of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius by avian predators on a rocky shore where the culture of sea urchins has been conducted. Carrion crow and a few gull species were the most abundant avian predators and consumed a large number of sea urchins. Crows consumed mostly natural sea urchins, approximately 36 kg ww/ha per year on the intertidal rocky bench, but the gull species consumed mostly cultured sea urchins, approximately 100 kg ww/ha per year in the culture area. The seasonal variation in the amount of sea urchins consumed by crows was higher than that by the gull species, presumably because of the difference in foraging behavior in association with the seasonal tidal cycle. The natural sea urchins consumed are an allochthonous input from the subtidal to the intertidal habitat, and thus, crow predation may not affect the natural and the cultured populations of the sea urchin. The gull species consumed much of the cultured sea urchin, and thus, may be regarded as an effective predator causing damage to sea urchin culture. The results suggest that further studies are needed to determine why the gull species selectively feed on cultured sea urchins. 相似文献
6.
Sung Il Lee Kerim Y. Aydin Paul D. Spencer Thomas K. Wilderbuer Chang Ik Zhang 《Fisheries Science》2010,76(3):411-434
We evaluated the role of flatfishes in the organization and structure of the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem using the Ecopath/Ecosim
approach. As basic input data for the Ecopath/Ecosim model, we used estimates of biomass from bottom trawl surveys and age-structured
population models, production/biomass (P/B) ratio, consumption/biomass (Q/B) ratio, diet composition (DC), and fisheries harvests for each component of species or species groups. We estimated the trophic
level of each component, niche overlaps among flatfishes, and the impacts of competition and predation on flatfish species
in the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem. Based on those estimates, we developed the tropho-dynamic structure of the ecosystem,
and the model was used to simulate ecological effects of fishery exploitation patterns. No single flatfish species appeared
to have a profound and uniquely important role in the organization and structure of the ecosystem. Instead, the most important
component among the guild of flatfish species appeared to be yellowfin sole Pleuronectes asper, which had greater biomass than other flatfish and a relatively diverse diet among the small flatfish species. Pacific halibut
Hippoglossus stenolepis, Greenland turbot Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, and arrowtooth flounder Atheresthes stomias were important keystone predators in the eastern Bering Sea ecosystem together with some groups of marine mammals and sea
birds. Intra flatfish complex cannibalism was not observed, however, substantial diet overlaps were common in the flatfish
guild system. 相似文献
7.
Hisayuki Arakawa Yohei Ohi Akira Matsumoto Kenji Takio Takumi Kimoto Katsutoshi Kawabe 《Fisheries Science》2012,78(5):1083-1090
The populations of red alga Gelidium elegans along the coast of Miyakejima Island were severely damaged by a volcanic eruption in 2000. The effect of this volcanic eruption has been long lasting, and populations of this red alga still have not recovered. We investigated the effect of seabed sediment particles derived from volcanic ash on the substrate adhesion of G.?elegans spores. The analysis provides evidence that increasing amounts of sediment particles result in lower adhesion rates of G.?elegans spores, and that smaller sediment particles have a greater influence on adhesion. The amount of seabed sediment particles around Miyakejima Island was 9.3?C1815.4?mg/cm2. This amount has changed greatly from year to year. The adhesion rate of G.?elegans spores in water around Miyakejima Island was 0?% at all points in 2008 and 2010, but it was estimated as 6.3?C38.6?% in 2009. These results suggest that there is significant inhibition of algal spore adhesion by seabed sediment particles derived from volcanic ash around Miyakejima Island. 相似文献
8.
One hundred and forty-seven Chinese barley varieties maintained at the Gene Bank of the National Barley Improvement Centre,
Zhejiang, and 84 progenies from these varieties were tested at the seedling stage for their reaction to 32 selected pathotypes
of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Eighteen resistance spectra were identified comprising single or combined resistances from eight known (Ml(Bw), Ml(Ch), Mla7, Mla8, Mla9, Mla13, MlaRu4 and Mlg) and six unknown resistance genes. The most frequent gene was Ml(Bw), which was found in 69 varieties and previously detected in only a few European winter barley varieties. The genes Mla8 and Ml(Ch) were also often present, but other resistance genes were rare. After inoculation, considerably fewer pathogen colonies were
observed in ‘Aiganqi’ and one line of ‘Tong5’. Twenty varieties were composed of lines with different resistance genes. China
is likely to be a region of origin of the genes Ml(Bw), Mla7, as well as three unknown genes found in original landraces and perhaps another three unknown genes detected in cultivars
bred in China. The resistances of varieties from the Zhejiang province and those originating from 11 other Chinese provinces
were quite different. Unfortunately, none of the varieties are promising sources of resistance to powdery mildew and China
does not seem to be a region suitable for identifying such sources. 相似文献
9.
Sarah I. Beldin Bruce A. Caldwell Phillip Sollins Elizabeth W. Sulzman Kate Lajtha Susan E. Crow 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2007,43(6):837-841
The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of a soil depends on the type and amount of both mineral and organic surfaces. Previous
studies that have sought to determine the relative contribution of organic matter to total soil CEC have not addressed differences
in soil organic matter (SOM) composition that could lead to differences in CEC. The objectives of this study were (1) to compare
the CEC of two distinct SOM pools, the “light fraction (LF)” composed of particulate plant, animal, and microbial debris,
and the “heavy fraction (HF)” composed of mineral-bound organic matter; and (2) to examine the effects of differences in aboveground
vegetation on CEC. Soil samples were collected from four paired grassland/conifer sites within a single forested area and
density fractionated. LF CEC was higher in conifer soils than in grassland soils, but there was no evidence of an effect of
vegetation on CEC for the HF or bulk soil. LF CEC (but not HF CEC) correlated well with the C concentration in the fraction.
The mean CEC of both fractions (per kg fraction) exceeded that of the bulk soil; thus, when the LF and HF CEC were combined
mathematically by weighting values for each fraction in proportion to dry mass, the resulting value was nearly twice the measured
CEC of bulk soil. On a whole soil basis, the HF contributed on average 97% of the CEC of the whole soil, although this conclusion
must be tempered given the inflation of CEC values by the density fractionation procedure. 相似文献
10.
Long-term effect of chemical fertilizer,straw, and manure on labile organic matter fractions in a paddy soil 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
To assess the effect of long-term fertilization on labile organic matter fractions, we analyzed the C and N mineralization
and C and N content in soil, particulate organic matter (POM), light fraction organic matter (LFOM), and microbial biomass.
Results showed that fertilizer N decreased or did not affect the C and N amounts in soil fractions, except N mineralization
and soil total N. The C and N amounts in soil and its fractions increased with the application of fertilizer PK and rice straw.
Generally, there was no significant difference between fertilizer PK and rice straw. Furthermore, application of manure was
most effective in maintaining soil organic matter and labile organic matter fractions. Soils treated with manure alone had
the highest microbial biomass C and C and N mineralization. A significant correlation was observed between the C content and
N content in soil, POM, LFOM, microbial biomass, or the readily mineralized organic matter. The amounts of POM–N, LFOM–N,
POM–C, and LFOM–C closely correlated with soil organic C or total N content. Microbial biomass N was closely related to the
amounts of POM–N, LFOM–N, POM–C, and LFOM–C, while microbial biomass C was closely related to the amounts of POM–N, POM–C,
and soil total N. These results suggested that microbial biomass C and N closely correlated with POM rather than SOM. Carbon
mineralization was closely related to the amounts of POM–N, POM–C, microbial biomass C, and soil organic C, but no significant
correlation was detected between N mineralization with C or N amounts in soil and its fractions. 相似文献