Response of soil properties and vegetation to reclamation period using drip irrigation in coastal saline soils of the Bohai Gulf

Paddy and Water Environment - Soil salinization is a major soil degradation threat worldwide. Sparse vegetation and soil desertification are widespread phenomena in coastal saline land due to high...     

Effect of soil matric potential on tomato yield and water use under drip irrigation condition

Field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of soil matric potential (SMP) on tomato yield, evapotranspiration (ET), water use efficiency (WUE) and irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) under drip irrigation condition in North China Plain. The experiment included five treatments, which controlled SMP at 0.2 m depth immediately under drip emitter higher than −10 (S1), −20 (S2), −30 (S3), −40 (S4) and −50 kPa (S5), respectively, after tomato plant establishment. The results showed that different SMP affected irrigation amount and tomato ET. Irrigation amount decreased from 185 mm (S1) to 83.6 mm (S5) in 2004, and from 165 mm (S1) to 109 mm (S5) in 2005, respectively. The ET decreased from 270 mm (S1) to 202 mm (S5) in both years. However, it was found that SMP did not affect the tomato yield significantly, for the range of SMP investigated. Both WUE and IWUE increased as SMP decreased. The maximum WUE (253 and 217 kg/ha mm) and IWUE (620 and 406 kg/ha mm) were for S5 in 2 years, whereas the minimum WUE (178 and 155 kg/ha mm) and IWUE 261 and 259 kg/ha mm) were for S1 in 2004 and 2005. Based on the above results, therefore, it is recommended that if the tomatoes are well irrigated (SMP is higher than −20 kPa) during establishment, controlling SMP higher than −50 kPa at 0.2 m depth immediately under drip emitter can be used as an indicator for drip irrigation scheduling during following period of tomato growth in North China Plain.     

Potato evapotranspiration and yield under different drip irrigation regimes

A field experiment comparing different irrigation frequencies and soil matric potential thresholds on potato evapotranspiration (ET), yield (Y) and water-use efficiency (WUE) was carried out in a loam soil. The experiment included five treatments for soil matric potential: F1 (-15 kPa), F2 (-25 kPa), F3 (-35 kPa), F4 (-45 kPa) and F5 (-55 kPa) and six treatments for irrigation frequency: N1 (once every day), N2 (once every 2 days), N3 (once every 3 days), N4 (once every 4 days), N6 (once every 6 days) and N8 (once every 8 days). Results indicate that both soil matric potential and drip irrigation frequency influenced potato ET, Y and WUE. Potato ET increased as irrigation frequency and soil matric potential increased. Comparing soil water potential, the highest ET was 63.4 mm (32.1%) more than the lowest value. Based on irrigation frequency treatments, the highest ET was 36.7 mm (19.2%) more than the lowest value. Potato Y and WUE were also found to increase as irrigation frequency increased. Potato Y increased with an increase in soil water potential then started to decrease. The highest Y and WUE values were achieved with a soil matric potential threshold of -25 kPa and an irrigation frequency of once a day.Communicated by J. Ayars     

Drip irrigation scheduling for tomatoes in unheated greenhouses

During the last two decades, energy-saving solar greenhouses without heating systems, about 150-800 m² (width: 5-10 m, length: 30-80 m) in size, have been widely used in the North of China for vegetable production during cold seasons. The greenhouse is also suitable for use in other countries located in the temperate or warm-temperate zones, especially in the developing countries, because it is inexpensive with a simple structure, and does not need any additional energy for heating in winter. Drip irrigation has been recognized as a sensible method of supplying water inside the greenhouses, and a simple method for drip irrigation scheduling at low cost is urgently required. Using the water-balance method, the authors studied the water consumption of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and the relationship between evapotranspiration and water surface evaporation measured with 20 cm pan. Research results show that there is no significant water flux at 0.75 m depth when soil water potential is kept higher than -20 kPa at 15 cm depth, and around -20 kPa at 60 cm depth. The accumulative value of evapotranspiration is approximately equal to the accumulative value of water surface evaporation measured using 20 cm pan. Further analysis found that 20 cm pan can be used to determine the water requirement of tomato drip irrigation scheduling in this type of greenhouse.     

复合潜流人工湿地对农村生活污水的净化效果 及其微生物群落结构特征

试验探究了复合潜流人工湿地对农村生活污水的净化效果及其微生物群落结构特征。结果表明,当水力负荷为0.35 m³·(m²·d）^-1时,系统对TN、NH₄⁺-N、COD和TP去除效率分别为（89.84±7.64）%、（98.67±1.31）%、（61.63±16.01）%和（70.21±8.00）%。湿地中一共发现11个主要菌门、18个主要菌纲和33个主要菌属,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、蓝藻门（Cyanobacteria）、拟杆菌门（Bacteroidetes）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）是其中的优势菌门,它们在各级湿地中表层和底层的相对丰度分别是57.26%、61.37%、91.60%、93.22%、88.78%、88.02%。蓝藻菌纲（Cyanobacteria）、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria) 、芽孢杆菌纲(Bacilli)和γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)、β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)是其中优势菌纲,约占主要菌纲的70%。共有17个优势菌属,在各级湿地中的分布情况不同,其中芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）相对丰度最高,集中分布于第三级湿地,其次是Leptolyngbya、席藻属（Phormidium）,在第一、二级湿地中广泛分布。复合潜流人工湿地具有良好污水净化效果,系统中有机物和氮素的去除主要依靠微生物作用,磷素的去除主要依靠基质吸附沉淀作用。     

低纬高原山区暖冬年与冷冬年油菜品种稳定性和适应性对比分析

为有效评价并推荐丰产性、稳产性和适应性好的山地油菜品种在低纬高原山区推广应用,采用灰色关联度、AMMI模型和模糊聚类等分析方法,对玉溪市典型的暖冬年(2012年)与冷冬年(2015年)4个不同海拔试点的7个参试油菜品种进行稳定性和适应性对比分析。结果表明:(1)暖冬年和冷冬年主要气象因子与油菜产量的关联度有明显差异;(2)AMMI模型中暖冬年的基因、基因与环境互作两者方差分量均显著高于冷冬年,而环境方差分量则明显低于冷冬年;(3)基因型与环境间的互作对暖冬年与冷冬年的主要农艺性状影响存在较大差异。低纬高原山区应主推‘云花油早熟1号’、‘花油6号’、‘玉红油1号’和‘花油5号’等优质油菜品种。     

Alkaline phosphatase activity and its relationship to soil properties in a saline–sodic soil reclaimed by cropping wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) with drip irrigation

In order to ascertain the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and its relationship with soil properties in saline–sodic soils during reclamation, a study was conducted in a saline–sodic soil reclaimed by cropping wolfberry (Lycium barbarum L.) with drip irrigation, in Ningxia Plain, Northwest China. The soil EC_e, pH and SAR in 0–30 cm were 12.3 dS m^?1, 9.4 and 44.1 (mmol/L)^0.5, respectively. Soil transects with different planting years were intensively sampled, which had a wide gradient of salinity and sodicity. Ranging from 1.1 to 42.4 μg g^?1 h^?1, soil ALP activities increased with the increasing planting years, and showed a large spatial variability within transect. The higher ALP activities were always found beneath the drip emitters. More soil physicochemical properties became related significantly to the ALP activities as the planting years increased, indicating that the ALP activities could be better predicted by other properties after reclamation. Path analyses showed that the negative direct effects of soil pH on ALP activities became clearly dominant as the planting years increased. The positive effects of organic matter on ALP activities exerted indirectly, mainly through pH, total N, and available P. Soil ALP activities decreased exponentially with pH, which varied from 7.38 to 10.00. Our findings demonstrated that soil pH was the limiting factor for improving soil ALP activities in this saline–sodic soil, and after three planting years, soil biological activities and fertility level increased significantly.     

浅谈滴灌在日光温室中的应用

高效节能日光温室是近年来国内兴起的一项农业先进适用技术，随着改革开放步伐的加快，人民生活水平的日益提高，市场的迫切需求，日光温室的发展方兴未艾，已经受到各级政府领导的高度重视，在有些地区逐渐成为一种政府行为，号召组织农民积极发展日光温室，作为一项增加农民收入，快速致富的途径。目前，高效节能日光温室的发展速度迅猛，面积进一步扩大，栽培作物品种日益多样化，栽培技术设施不断先进化、自动化，在作物灌溉技术上，不断完善传统灌溉技术的前提下，逐步引进采用滴灌技术。滴灌是农业灌溉技术的一项革命性变革，这种灌溉…     

不同遮荫度下土沉香幼苗的生理特性响应

以不同光强(100％、50％、25％和5％自然光)下适应生长1年后的4个土沉香种源幼苗为研究对象,对于季和雨季时幼苗叶片进行多项生理生化指标的测定.结果表明:4个土沉香种源幼苗叶片的可溶性蛋白质(SP)含量、可溶性糖(SS)含量、蔗糖(Suc)含量、叶绿素(Chl)含量、叶绿素a/b(Chla/b)、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量及质膜相对透性(RMP)在不同光处理下存在显著差异(p＜0.05).除了雨季时4个土沉香种源的Pro下降幅度偏大外,SS、Suc、Chl和RMP在干季与雨季时变化趋势大体一致,且变化幅度不大；各种源的Pro、SS和Suc均随着光强的减弱而下降,而其RMP和Chl呈升高趋势,但光强降至5％时,Chl明显降低.采用主成分分析法筛选出7个与土沉香幼苗各遮荫度密切相关的生理生化指标,即SP、SS、Suc、Pro、Chl、RMP和MDA.采用隶属函数法对干季与雨季时4个土沉香种源在不同遮荫度下测定的8个生理生化指标计算平均隶属度以进行综合评价.结果发现:云南种在全光强下(100％)生长良好,而大黄、大白和小白在中光环境(50％)下生长最好.     

坡地上灌水器流量均等微灌双向毛管设计方法

根据最佳支管位置位于左右两侧毛管最小压力水头相等处的定义,结合能量廓线法推导出确定最佳支管位置的简易计算方法,并提出一种满足允许的最大压力水头和最小压力水头的微灌系统双向毛管设计方法.通过对多种存在条件的模拟计算,确定了最佳支管位置计算公式的最终形式、适用条件及其优化试算方式.利用该方法,能简便快速地设计各种坡地条件下微灌系统(灌水器流量均等)双向毛管.