用土壤系统评价陕西的土壤肥力

将土壤系统值应用于陕西土壤肥力评价的结果表明，土壤起始不仅反映了土壤的供肥，而且还提示出土壤的适种性。土壤投入熵可用于确定公肥增产效率，以及估测作物的最佳施肥量。从土壤值可以评价各地区土壤肥力高低的顺序为：关中灌区＞陕南川＞陕南山区和渭北旱塬区＞北丘陵区和风沙区。     

长期培肥我国典型黑土玉米氮肥效应的演变趋势

【目的】依托中国东北典型农田设置的公主岭黑土长期培肥试验,研究长期培肥条件下黑土地区玉米产量和氮肥效应的时间演变趋势,阐明氮肥利用率和土壤养分之间的相关性,为指导我国建立长期培肥模式和提高氮肥利用率提供依据。【方法】本文选择不同有机肥用量(M0、M30和M60)下不施肥处理(CK)、施氮肥(N)、施磷钾肥(PK)和平衡施肥(NPK),共计12个处理,研究长期培肥对玉米的氮肥农学效率、氮肥当季利用率和氮肥累积利用率的影响。【结果】有机肥料和化肥(NPK)对玉米均具有显著增产效果,有机肥化肥配施可降低玉米产量的变异系数(CV)和提高可持续性指数(SYI)从而保证玉米的持续稳产高产。平衡施肥条件下的氮肥农学效率、当季利用率和累积利用率随着施肥年限的延长呈上升趋势并且达到显著或极显著水平;常量有机肥区和高量有机肥区的土壤肥力得到显著提升,氮肥效应随时间演变趋势分别为变化不显著和显著降低趋势。氮肥利用率与土壤有机碳、土壤全氮、土壤全磷和土壤速效钾呈显著负相关。【结论】在相对较高的肥力条件下,黑土地区玉米氮肥效应呈显著下降或变化不显著的趋势将为高肥力条件下有机肥部分替代化肥提供科学依据。     

Incisional complications following exploratory celiotomy: does an abdominal bandage reduce the risk?

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Post operative complications following exploratory laparotomy can be potentially life-threatening, increase post operative morbidity and result in an increase in the length of hospitalisation of the affected individual. No study has evaluated the efficacy of specific strategies to reduce the incidence of post operative incisional complications. HYPOTHESIS: The use of an abdominal bandage following colic surgery through a celiotomy incision would significantly reduce the prevalence of post operative incisional complications. METHODS: A controlled, randomised clinical trial to test the hypothesis was devised. Horses eligible for inclusion in the study were assigned randomly either to the study or control group following recovery from general anaesthesia. Any post operative incisional complications occurring during hospitalisation were recorded. Long-term follow-up was obtained via telephone questionnaires. Absolute risk reduction (ARR) and number needed to treat (NNT) were calculated. Multivariable analyses were conducted for all outcomes of interest. RESULTS: There was an ARR of the likelihood of developing a post operative incisional complication of 45% when using compared to not using an abdominal bandage in the post operative period. Therefore, it would be necessary to treat 2.2 horses with an abdominal bandage in order to prevent one horse developing any post operative incisional complications. CONCLUSIONS: Although incisional complications continue to be a problem following an exploratory celiotomy for colic, the proportion of horses affected was significantly reduced by use of a bandage. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Using an abdominal bandage following an exploratory laparotomy may help reduce the prevalence of post operative incisional complications, and prevent the development of potentially life-threatening complications.     

共存阳离子（Ca、Zn、K）对土壤镉有效性的影响

采用盆栽与吸附试验,研究了镉污染赤红壤上,施用相同摩尔浓度的钙、钾与锌对小油菜生物量、镉吸收量及土壤镉吸附的影响。结果表明,低和高镉污染赤红壤上,施用锌明显增加小油菜地上部生物量,较对照分别增产21.1%和7.82%。不同阳离子（钠、钙、钾和锌离子）共存改变土壤吸附镉能力的程度不同,与钠体系相比,钙、钾和锌体系中土壤镉吸附量分别降低65.6%、72.0%和96.9%,共存离子降低土壤镉吸附量的次序为锌离子〉钾离子和钙离子,锌离子的影响最为明显。高镉污染赤红壤上,钙和钾使小油菜吸镉量分别增加5.5%和14.4%,低于低镉污染赤红壤上钙和钾使小油菜吸镉的增加量（分别为16.6%和19.6%）;锌明显降低小油菜吸镉量,高和低镉污染赤红壤上,较对照分别减少45.8%和35.0%。3种阳离子与镉共存时,对土壤镉生物有效性的影响差异取决于竞争吸附与竞争吸收的大小,其机制有待进一步探讨。     

长期施用含硫化肥对稻田土壤养分含量及剖面分布的影响*

在红壤水稻田每年施用等量氮、磷、钾养分条件下,设每年施硫量分别为0、112、604 kg/hm2 3个处理,进行了长期（33年）施硫与不施硫土壤碳、氮、磷、钾、硫等养分含量变化及其在土壤剖面的分布特征和含硫化肥长期施用的生态环境效应的定位试验。结果表明,长期施硫土壤有效硫含量显著升高,并在土壤剖面（0100 cm）上累积; 高硫（HS）、低硫(LS)处理有效硫含量比无硫(NS)处理平均增加85.6%和12.8%; 施硫处理土壤耕层有机质、全氮、全磷含量升高,其中高硫处理土壤有机质、全氮和全磷含量分别比试验开始时增加17.7%、25.6%和250.0%。长期施硫的土壤有机质增加速率显著高于不施硫处理,高硫处理其含量比无硫处理增加了11.5%,说明施用硫肥有利于提高耕层土壤有机质,促进土壤养分累积。在南方红壤硫素养分缺乏的地区,施用硫肥有显著的培肥效应,生产中应重视硫肥的施用。     

不同磷酸盐对污染土壤中镉生物有效性的影响

采用盆栽试验,在镉二级和三级污染的红壤和褐土上添加不同磷酸盐（磷酸二氢铵、磷酸二氢钾、磷酸二氢钙）后种植小油菜40d,测定植株生物量、镉吸收量、土壤有效态镉含量、pH值,分析不同磷酸盐对污染土壤中镉生物有效性的影响。结果表明,3种磷酸盐使污染红壤和褐土上小油菜生物量分别提高了18.7%～291.1%和31.5%～991.2%,在红壤上提高顺序为磷酸二氢钙〉磷酸二氢钾〉磷酸二氢铵,而在褐土上则表现为磷酸二氢钙≈磷酸二氢钾〉磷酸二氢铵。3种磷酸盐影响下小油菜吸收镉量,在镉二级污染水平的红壤上表现为显著提高8.3%～60.6%,而在镉三级污染水平的红壤上则表现为显著降低了4.6%～58.4%。污染红壤有效态镉含量在加入3种磷酸盐后提高了17.0%～122.7%,提高顺序为磷酸二氢钙〉磷酸二氢钾〉磷酸二氢铵;而磷酸二氢铵使污染褐土有效态镉含量降低了2.4%～13.4%。3种磷酸盐使红壤pH值提高了0.24～0.99。可见,不同土壤类型、不同镉污染水平下,3种磷酸盐对土壤镉的生物有效性的影响存在差异,其机制有待进一步研究。