油用亚麻可溶性糖、脂肪含量与硬脂酰-酰基载体蛋白脱氢酶基因表达相关性分析

为研究油用亚麻叶片、果球4个发育阶段硬脂酰-酰基载体蛋白脱氢酶基因(sad)表达水平与可溶性糖含量、脂肪含量之间的关系,以3个已知亚麻酸含量相对不同的油用亚麻品种为试验对象,应用q RTPCR技术对不同发育时期组织中sad基因的相对表达量与可溶性糖含量以及脂肪含量之间的关系进行分析。结果表明,在油用亚麻叶片和果球的不同发育阶段sad基因的表达模式符合正态分布,在品种和时期之间表达量差异明显。可溶性糖的含量在果球和叶片中差异明显,相关性分析结果显示,在sad基因表达量增加时,可溶性糖含量相对减少;脂肪含量与sad基因的表达量呈极显著正相关。油用亚麻中sad基因表达直接影响油用亚麻可溶性糖和脂肪含量,进而影响亚麻油的品质。     

微咸水冰体融出水质及基于HYDRUS-1D的土壤淋洗特征研究

为揭示微咸水结冰融水时咸淡分离状况及对盐渍土盐分的淋洗效应,通过室内融冰试验研究不同解冻温度(10℃、15℃)和矿化度处理(纯净水、0.5g·L^–1、2 g·L^–1、4 g·L^–1)冰体的融化速度及融出水质,并借助HYDRUS-1D模型,模拟分析了不同处理融出水与微咸水直接入渗对剖面土壤盐分的淋洗效果差异。结果表明：微咸水冰体咸淡分离效果明显,各处理下的微咸水冰体融出淡水体积占比均超75%,矿化度越小融出淡水体积越大;微咸水冰体先咸后淡融出水入渗对盐渍土中的盐分有较好的淋洗效果,优于相同矿化度的微咸水直接入渗处理;10℃处理微咸水冰融出水对盐渍土的淋洗效果要好于15℃处理。研究结果对于探索内陆干旱区地下微咸水资源利用及新的非生育期节水控盐模式具有一定的指导意义。     

Bioactive Properties of Peptides and Polysaccharides Derived from Peanut Worms: A Review

Peanut worms (Sipunculids) are unsegmented marine worms that usually inhabit shallow waters. Peanut worms are good source of bioactive compounds including peptides and polysaccharides. Many recent studies have investigated the bioactive properties of peptides and polysaccharides derived from peanut worms in order to enhance their applications in food and pharmaceutical industries. The peptides and polysaccharides isolated from peanut worms have been reported to possess anti-hypertensive, anti-oxidant, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-hypoxia and wound healing activities through the modulation of various molecular mechanisms. Most researchers used in vitro, cell culture and animal models for the determination of bioactivities of peanut worm derived compounds. However, studies in humans have not been performed considerably. Therefore, it is important to conduct more human studies for better utilization of marine bioactive compounds (peptides and polysaccharides) derived from peanut worms. This review mainly focuses on the bioactive properties of peptides and polysaccharides of peanut worms and their molecular mechanisms.     

基于“流水线”的茄果类种苗半自动嫁接机研究

阐述了国内外茄果类种苗半自动嫁接机存在的作业生产率过低的问题,针对国内种苗嫁接环境,以茄果类种苗为作业对象,提出了基于"流水线"的半自动嫁接作业模式,选取适合机械化操作的贴接嫁接法,分析了生产节拍、作业工序与作业生产率的关系,最终将夹持、切削、拢苗、对接、上夹和下苗6个工序合理分配至4个工位。进行了整机嫁接作业试验,结果表明基于"流水线"的嫁接生产模式可实现1000株/h的嫁接生产率,有效提高了作业效率。     

不同有机改良剂对矿区土壤溶解性有机质及其铅赋存形态的影响机制

为探讨不同来源有机改良剂对污染土壤溶解性有机质(DOM)分子特征及重金属环境行为的影响机制,本研究选择3种不同来源的有机改良剂,以海南省昌化矿区铅(Pb)污染土壤为研究对象,以不施有机改良剂的土壤为空白对照处理,对3种不同有机改良剂处理(添加5%羊粪、海藻有机肥、小麦秸秆生物炭)的土壤进行培养实验。结果表明：施用有机改良剂能显著提高土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)含量,在培养后期DOC含量逐渐降低;除了生物炭,其他3种处理高分子量芳香碳类物质(C2)占比随培养时间增加而降低,较低分子量的氧化醌类物质(C3)占比提高。红外光谱特征表明施用有机改良剂后土壤中DOM的官能团主要是氨基酸N H键和羟基OH;随着培养时间的增加,4种处理均能提高土壤中水溶态Pb含量,其中海藻处理的水溶态Pb含量最高,达到1.91 mg·kg^-1,可还原态/铁锰氧化物结合态是Pb的主要存在形态(48%～54%)。不同培养时间的冗余分析表明土壤DOC含量以及相关官能团与土壤Pb含量和形态存在相关性,土壤溶液中的Pb主要受控于土壤溶液中的DOM,海藻和羊粪处理能够增加土壤中水溶态Pb和EDTA-Pb的含...     

生物炭对污泥-菌渣堆肥腐殖化与重金属钝化的影响

为探讨生物炭对市政污泥堆肥腐殖化和重金属钝化的影响,将市政污泥和菌渣按照湿质量比1:0.7进行混合,设置3个堆体进行好氧堆肥:处理组堆体分别添加混料干质量5%和10%的生物炭(记为BC5、BC10);对照组(CK)堆体不添加生物炭。结果表明:添加生物炭可延长高温时间,促进堆肥中富里酸向大分子胡敏酸转变,降低水溶性有机物含量,促进堆体腐熟。添加生物炭的堆体对重金属的钝化效果均优于CK组,BC5对可交换态Cu、Pb钝化效果较好,钝化率分别为78.12%、97.82%,BC10对可交换态Cr、Ni、Zn钝化效果较好,钝化率分别为66.64%、5.88%、19.76%;堆肥后Cu、Pb、Cr残渣态分配率增加量大小顺序为BC10>BC5>CK,Ni、Zn残渣态分配率增加量大小顺序为BC5>BC10>CK。Cu、Cr、Pb、Zn可交换态分配率均与水溶性有机物和富里酸呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与胡敏酸呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。研究表明,添加生物炭有利于堆体腐殖化和重金属钝化,且两者存在相关性。     

喷雾干燥与冷冻干燥对鱼油微胶囊品质的影响

为深度开发金枪鱼加工副产物,充分利用金枪鱼油所含营养成分,以壳聚糖为壁材,金枪鱼油为芯材,分别采用喷雾干燥法和冷冻干燥法制备鱼油微胶囊,比较两种制备方法对制得微胶囊品质的影响。结果显示:喷干鱼油微胶囊和冻干鱼油微胶囊的包埋率分别为77.26%、63.86%,但后者对鱼油脂肪酸保护更好;前者挥发性成分共有43种,其中酮类物质相对含量最高,占33.01%;而后者的挥发性成分仅有24种,以酯类为主,占52.29%,且没有检测到典型的腥味物质,这可能是由于冻干过程温度较低,抑制了多不饱和脂肪酸的氧化,更能掩盖鱼油不良风味。贮藏试验显示,两种鱼油微胶囊与鱼油相比,过氧化值的增长速度均显著降低(P<0.05);贮存7d后,两种胶囊的二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)和二十碳五烯酸(EPA)保留率分别为82.22%和85.25%,两种制备方法对DHA和EPA保留率的影响不大(P>0.05)。研究表明,两种鱼油微胶囊制备方法对延缓鱼油氧化和掩蔽不良风味有一定作用,对制备鱼油微胶囊具有一定的参考意义。     

天然斜发沸石催化α-蒎烯水合反应研究

用两种云南产天然斜发沸石催化α-蒎烯的水合反应，采用程序升温脱附法研究了催化活性与催化剂酸性质间的关系；讨论了反应温度、反应时间及催化剂用量对水合反应的影响，生产物为α-松油醇。     

后基因组时代基于选择导入系的水稻设计育种策略

近年来,水稻基因组学的发展突飞猛进,但如何将这些研究成果（丰富的基因组变异及功能基因克隆等）有效应用到复杂农艺性状的精准改良仍是设计育种面临的重大挑战和科学难题。经过多年实践证明,选择导入育种（breeding by selective introgression, BBSI）是有效解决这些问题的方法,这是一套基于精准遗传信息进行基因挖掘并同步改良多个复杂性状的设计育种策略。其主要包括：①构建大量携带优异性状的回交导入系群体,作为BBSI的材料平台;②基于全基因组测序和关联分析,构建精准的遗传信息平台;③通过设计“理想目标基因组型（ideal target genomic constitutions, ITGC）”和基因聚合方法,高效培育目标优良品种。介绍了BBSI的发展历程及在分子设计育种中的有效运用,尤其是如何利用分子数量遗传理论和全基因组变异来验证并丰富该策略,计划实施20年来已育成近百个绿色超级稻（green super rice, GSR）新品种,为后基因组时代作物育种的创新发展提供了重要理论和实践参考。     

Effects of different sources of carbohydrates on intake,digestibility, chewing,and performance of Holstein dairy cows

To investigate the effects of different sources of carbohydrates on intake, digestibility, chewing, and performance, nine lactating Holstein dairy cows (day in milk= 100±21 d; body weight=645.7 ± 26.5 kg) were allotted to a 3 × 3 Latin square design at three 23-d periods. The three treatments included 34.91% (B), 18.87% (BC), and 18.86% (BB) barley that in treatment B was partially replaced with only corn or corn plus beet pulp in treatments BC and BB, respectively. The concentration of starch and neutral detergent soluble carbohydrate varied (22.2, 20.2, and 14.5; 13.6, 15.9, and 20.1% of DM in treatments B, BC, and BB, respectively). Cows in treatment BB showed a higher DMI and improved digestibility of DM, NDF, and EE compared with treatments B or BC. Ruminal pH was higher in cows fed on BB (6.83) compared with those that received B or BC treatments (6.62 and 6.73, respectively). A lower proportion of propionate accompanied the higher pH in the BB group; however, a greater proportion of acetate and acetate: propionate ratio was observed compared with cows fed either on the B or BC diet. Moreover, cows fed on the BB diet showed the lowest ruminal passage rate and longest ruminal and total retention time. Eating time did not differ among treatments, rumination time was greater among cows fed on the BB diet compared with the others, whereas total chewing activity was greater than those fed on BC, but similar to those fed on B. The treatments showed no effect on milk yield. Partially replacing barley with corn or beet pulp resulted in an increase in milk fat and a lower protein concentration. Changing dietary NFC with that of a different degradability thus altered intake, chewing activity, ruminal environment, retention time or passage rate, and lactation performance. The results of this study showed that beet pulp with a higher NDF and a detergent-soluble carbohydrate or pectin established a more consistent ruminal mat than barley and corn, thus resulting in higher mean retention time and chewing activity, whereas no changes in 3.5% FCM and milk fat were observed.