钾肥施用量对脐橙产量和品质的影响

１９９６～１９９９年连续４年在湖北省秭归县进行了脐橙钾肥施用量田间试验。结果表明，尽管各处理脐橙产量年度变化很大，但施钾显著提高产量和经济效益，１９９７～１９９９年施钾平均增产２６．３％～４１．８％，施钾（Ｋ２Ｏ）１２５、２５０、３７５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２年均增加纯利 １０１１０、１５８４０、９９７０元／ｈｍ２，产投比分别为 １９．３８、１５．４０和７．０４；在试验条件下施钾（Ｋ２Ｏ）２５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２增产效果最好；施钾有提高脐橙外观品质和内在品质的趋势，例如施钾提高或保持单果重、增加果皮厚度、提高维生素Ｃ含量等；但施钾对品质的影响年度间差异较大，尚需进一步研究。     

The Influence of Organic and Integrated Production on Nutritional,Sensory and Agricultural Aspects of Vegetable Raw Materials for Food Production

In a six-year crop rotation trial organically and integrated grown vegetables were produced according to current good agricultural practices, taking quality and quantity aspects into consideration. The raw materials assessed focussed on materials used for industrial food production. Nutritional, sensory and agricultural aspects were evaluated. Carrot, cabbage, onion, pea and potato are possible to grow organically for industrial purposes. Depending on crop, the yield was lower (65-90%) for organically grown compared to integrated grown. Cultivation of organic spinach and dill turned out to be difficult due to problems with weed and discoloration. The chemical analyses included pesticide residues, nitrate, glycoalkaloid, dry matter, vitamin C and 25 different minerals and trace elements. Overall, the organically grown crops had higher dry matter content than the integrated grown. However, when examining the data for the different crops contradictory results were noted. No significant differences due to growing system were noticed for vitamin C and the other nutrients except for 4 of the trace elements. The growing system did not influence the sensory properties.     

Applicability of ground‐penetrating radar as a tool for nondestructive soil‐depth mapping on Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits

Soil depth plays a decisive role in determining soil properties in mountainous regions for ecological site assessment. To evaluate the use of ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) for fast and high‐resolution mapping within mountainous regions, we examined the possibilities and limitations of GPR to determine soil depth over bedrock and to delineate individual substrate layers formed during the Pleistocene in a periglacial environment (Pleistocene periglacial slope deposits, PPSD). Selected catenae in representative subregions of the study area (Dill catchment, SE Rhenish Massif, Germany) have been successfully mapped using GPR. A practicable method was developed using a 400 MHz antenna to reach a mean penetration depth of 1.5 m and to map different substrates and layers of PPSD based on calibrations of the GPR at soil pits along 12 catenae. Colluvium, the three types of PPSD layers, as well as the in situ bedrock could be distinguished in most sections of the GPR surveys. Characteristic GPR facies caused by intrinsic material properties of the different substrates, such as stone content and soil moisture content, could be distinguished in different geomorphologic and lithological settings. A layer‐based velocity distribution was determined for characteristic substrate layers at soil pits enabling us to considerably enhance the accuracy of soil‐depth prediction. Compared to traditionally surveyed soil profiles, our results demonstrate an accuracy of layer thickness surveying within a standard deviation of approx. 0.1 m. It is demonstrated that the combination of GPR with conventional soil‐pit mapping is an efficient and valid method to produce high‐resolution data of substrate distribution.     

基于北斗船位数据灯光罩网渔船作业状态特征的提取和验证

为研究一种使用北斗船位数据提取灯光罩网渔船的作业状态特征的方法,选取桂北渔36288、61999、62666和68209四艘灯光罩网渔船2017年的北斗船位数据,使用阈值综合判别的方法判断渔船作业的状态,通过航速、水深和时间区间的阈值判别渔船作业状态的船位点,利用船位分析软件(AST)提取渔船的作业天数、作业日期、作业时长以及对应的作业位置信息,并与实际填写的渔捞日志数据进行对比验证。结果显示:提取的结果和实际记录的结果误差较小,其中作业天数每月差值在0～3 d以内;对应的作业日期准确率在94.45%以上;作业时长每日最大误差不超过2.4 h,最小误差为0 h,总平均误差为1.49 h,且提取的作业时长和渔获率存在明显的显著性差异,相关系数r=0.512(P0.01);作业距离差值较小,总体在50 km以内。因此可以确定,本研究根据北斗船位数据提取灯光罩网渔船作业状态特征的方法可靠,具有较大的实用性和现实性意义。     

Die Prophylaxe in der Dasselbekämpfung

Zusammenfassung a) Geselich vorgeschrieben ist bisher nur die Stallabdasslung vor Weide- und Alpauftrieb. Sie kann im Rahmen eines Gesamt-Bekämptungsplanes jedoch nur als Teil einer Gesamtanfgabe gewertet werden.b) Die Ausrottung der Rinderdasselfliegen kann nur durch zusäliche und planmäßige Sommerabdasslung auf Weide und Alpe erreicht werden.c) Die prophylaktische Anwendung von Sprühemulsionen auf kontaktinsektizider Basis gestattet, den zukü nftigen Befall stark herabzuseen oder schlagartig zu verhüten.d) Neben dem individuellen Schaden kann somit der Herden- und Häuteschaden merklich herabgeset oder gänzlich vermieden werden.e) Der methodische Wert der Einzelbeulenbehandlung gewinnt durch Prophylaxis weiter an Wert. Dadurch steigt der Erfolg planmäßiger Abdasslungen mit dieser Methode. Im Verein mit der Prophylaxis erscheint es möglich, die Gesamtbekämpfungszeit der Rinderdasselfliegen innerhalb eines Gebietes bis zur gänzlichen Ausrottung stark abzukürzen.f) Die Weidebeständigkeit der Rinderdasselffiegein bedarf nah neuen bioklimatologischen Beobachtungen einer Nachprüfung.g) Günstig beurteilte Folgen der prophylaktischen Besprühungen geälpter Tiere auf deren Fleisch- und Entwicklungszustand durch gleichzeitige Fernhaltung bzw. Bekämpfung der Weidefliegen nnd Bremsen (8) bedarf weiterer Untersnchungen.h) p. o.-Versuche können noch nicht als abgeschlossen gelten.     

Novel inhibitors of sterol C-14 demethylase and Δ14 Reductase/Δ8 → Δ7 isomerase for cereal disease control

The activity of five experimental fungicides combining structural elements responsible for sterol C-14 demethylase inhibition and sterol nuclear double-bond transformations has been investigated by examining sterol accumulation in Ustilago maydis (DC.) Corda, inhibition of sterol-biosynthesis enzymes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Meyer using a cell-free system and protective activity in cereals against Erysiphe graminis DC. and Puccinia coronata Corda. Combining the fenpropidin/fenpropimorph basic structure with a pyridine moiety offered no advantage in fungicidal activity. However, the combination of the pyrifenox structure with a morpholine moiety yielded a compound which was a good inhibitor of C-14 demethylase and Δ⁸ → Δ⁷ isomerase in vitro and gave good cereal protection.     

重组逆转录病毒介导的肿瘤坏死因子基因转移与哺乳动物细胞表达

以构建的重组肿瘤坏死因子逆转录病毒载体ｐＺＩＰＴＮＦ ＤＮＡ转染Ｃｏｓ７细胞，获得了ＴＮＦα暂时性表达。采用ＤＮＡ－磷酸钙共沉淀法，将ｐＺＩＰＴＮＦ ＤＮＡ导入了单向性逆转录病毒包装细胞ψ２，在Ｇ４１８选择下，克隆出了ψ／ｐＺＩＰＴＮＦ细胞系。该细胞可产生重组ＴＮＦ逆转录病毒。本研究利用ψ／ｐＺＩＰＴＮＦ细胞分泌的重组逆转录病毒连续传代感染ψ２或ＰＡ３１７细胞以及病毒交替感染ψ２和ＰＡ３１７细胞，     

Influence of low phosphorus intake during early lactation on apparent digestibility of phosphorus and bone metabolism in dairy cows

In this study, the effects of reducing the dietary phosphorus (P) supply during the first 4 months of lactation on P balance and bone metabolism were investigated in dairy cows during a full lactation, including the dry period. Twenty-two multiparous cows of the Swedish Red and White Breed were included in the experiment. Eleven cows received a dietary P concentration of 0.43% of DM during the whole lactation (NP), and 11 cows received a dietary P concentration of 0.32% of DM during the first 4 months of lactation, followed by 0.43% of DM during the rest of lactation (LP). Total collection of faeces was carried out during five different stages of lactation, for 5 consecutive days at each occasion. The dynamics of bone metabolism was investigated by monitoring one bone-formation marker, identifying osteocalcin (OC), and one bone-resorption marker identifying C-telopeptide fragments of collagen type I (CTx) in blood plasma. At the two first collection periods, 3–7 and 11–15 weeks after parturition, the apparent digestibility of P was higher in the LP cows (52%) than in the NP cows (42%). During the following collection periods, no difference in the apparent digestibility could be noted between the two groups of cows. Phosphorus retention did not differ between treatments at any collection period. The highest retention was observed during late lactation and during the dry period. The profiles of the bone metabolism markers indicated a net resorption of bone during early lactation, but there were no differences in marker concentrations between the groups during early lactation, indicating that the LP diet did not induce a further elevated net bone resorption.