山区旱地猪—沼—粮（玉米）循环模式的研究与效益评价

在一块0.66 hm2试验地上,开展了连续7年以沼气为纽带,以猪粪尿、玉米秸秆等农业废弃物资源化利用为核心的猪—沼—粮(玉米)循环模式研究,并进行了效益评估。结果表明,经连续7年实施猪—沼—粮循环转化后,土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量分别提高115.69%、173.97%、151.87%和117.19%;土壤团聚体、田间持水量和总孔隙度分别增加88.06%、60.29%和50.58%,容重降低19.88%;土壤细菌总数、真菌总数、放线菌总数和微生物总数分别增加93.97%、338.10%、71.71%和93.96%;综合经济效益平均每年每公顷土地增加42 473.1元。     

Variation in E(rns) viral glycoprotein associated with failure of immunohistochemistry and commercial antigen capture ELISA to detect a field strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) affects cattle populations causing clinical signs that range from subclinical immunosuppression to severe reproductive and respiratory problems. Detection and removal of persistently infected (PI) calves is the single most important factor for control and eradication of BVDV. Current testing strategies to detect PI calves rely heavily on immunohistochemistry (IHC) and a commercially available antigen capture ELISA (ACE) assay. These viral assays depend on 1 or 2 monoclonal antibodies which target the E(rns) glycoprotein of BVDV. The sensitivity and specificity of these two tests have been reported previously. The purpose of this research was to characterize a strain of BVDV (AU501) that was undetectable using IHC and ACE based on a single monoclonal antibody, but was consistently detected in samples from a Holstein steer using virus isolation and PCR testing. Sequencing of this AU501 viral isolate revealed a unique mutation in the portion of the genome coding for the E(rns) glycoprotein. This unique field strain of BVDV demonstrates the risk of relying on a single monoclonal antibody for detection of BVDV. Multiple testing strategies, including polyclonal or pooled monoclonal antibodies that detect more than one viral glycoprotein may be necessary to detect all PI calves and facilitate eradication of BVDV.     

三峡库区玉米地方品种产量性状的遗传潜势分析

从三峡库区征集到72份玉米地方品种并分别与改良兰卡斯特和改良瑞德血缘自交系进行测配，利用测交结果对玉米地方品种的遗传潜势进行分析。研究表明，单株粒重、穗长、穗行数、行粒数和百粒重在72份玉米地方品种间存在一定的遗传变异，决定品种间遗传变异的主导因子是加性效应。在72份玉米地方品种中通过选择有可能获得单株粒重和百粒重较高、果穗较长、穗行数和行粒数较多的品种，通过遗传改良获得长穗大粒、穗行数和行粒数多的材料或自交系的可能性也较大。     

温度和日长对玉料植株性状的效应

以３个熟性７个玉米品种为材料，采用分期播种改变玉米生长发育的温度和日长环境，从而影响玉米植株的性状。结果表明，温度和日长的改变明显影响了玉米单株叶片数，单株最大叶面积，株高和穗位高。单株叶片数与播种至雄穗分化始期的口平均气温和平均口长之间，单株最大叶面积，株高和穗位高与播种至抽丝的日平均气温和平均日长之间均表现为二元线性回归着关系，模型对实际结果的拟合程度达９８％以上。     

The Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) generic model for the production of Thai fermented pork sausage (Nham)

Nham is a traditional Thai fermented pork sausage. The major ingredients of Nham are ground pork meat and shredded pork rind. Nham has been reported to be contaminated with Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. Therefore, it is a potential cause of foodborne diseases for consumers. A Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) generic model has been developed for the Nham process. Nham processing plants were observed and a generic flow diagram of Nham processes was constructed. Hazard analysis was then conducted. Other than microbial hazards, the pathogens previously found in Nham, sodium nitrite and metal were identified as chemical and physical hazards in this product, respectively. Four steps in the Nham process have been identified as critical control points. These steps are the weighing of the nitrite compound, stuffing, fermentation, and labeling. The chemical hazard of nitrite must be controlled during the weighing step. The critical limit of nitrite levels in the Nham mixture has been set at 100-200 ppm. This level is high enough to control Clostridium botulinum but does not cause chemical hazards to the consumer. The physical hazard from metal clips could be prevented by visual inspection of every Nham product during stuffing. The microbiological hazard in Nham could be reduced in the fermentation process. The critical limit of the pH of Nham was set at lower than 4.6. Since this product is not cooked during processing, finally, educating the consumer, by providing information on the label such as "safe if cooked before consumption", could be an alternative way to prevent the microbiological hazards of this product.     

Effects of N-methyl-D, L-aspartate on secretion of growth hormone-releasing hormone from the boar hypothalamic-preoptic area and median eminence in vitro

N-methyl-D, L-aspartate (NMA) elicited secretion of growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone from both the hypothalamic-preoptic area and the median eminence that were collected from boars. We suggest that the previously described increase in GH secretion that follows peripheral treatment of swine with NMA is attributable, at least in part, to NMA-stimulated secretion of GH-releasing hormone from the central nervous system.     

Use of a polymerase chain reaction assay to detect bovine herpesvirus type 2 DNA in skin lesions from cattle suspected to have pseudo-lumpy skin disease

Beef cattle from a herd in north Alabama were examined because of an outbreak of nonfatal skin disease characterized by discrete circumscribed areas of inflammation that developed on the skin from the neck to the hips. Areas of inflammation, which tended to be superficial, underwent necrosis and scabbed over. The scabs eventually dropped off leaving discrete, round, whitish, hairless lesions that were 1.2 to 2.5 cm diameter. Because clinical signs were consistent with those expected with pseudo-lumpy skin disease (PLSD) caused by bovine herpesvirus type 2 (BHV-2), samples from 16 representative animals were submitted for BHV-2 testing. All 16 animals were seropositive for BHV-2, but the virus could not be isolated from skin biopsy specimens or buffy coat samples. Results of a polymerase chain reaction assay incorporating primers designed to amplify 2 DNA sequences from BHV-2 were positive for 3 of the 10 cattle, suggesting that skin lesions in these cattle were a result of PLSD. Our findings suggest that PLSD may be more common and widespread in the United States than suggested by the frequency with which BHV-2 has been isolated from cattle with PLSD-like skin lesions.