用冷冻法对水果上的实蝇幼虫及卵作检疫处理

美国农业部APHIS—PPQ条例规定:所有受各种实蝇[除墨西哥实蝇A.ludens(Loew)外]为害的水果,均要进行低温处理,在32,33,34或35°F(0.0,0.55,1.11,或 1.66℃)以下,对应贮存时间分别为11,13,15或17天。这些数据是经过试验和统计整理得来的。该实验研究由McAlister等人主     

Changes in photosynthesis and water status of developing leaves of Brachystegia spiciformis Benth

Changes in net carbon assimilation and water status were studied during leaf development in the deciduous, tropical species Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. In this upland savanna African tree, bud-burst and leaf development occur approximately two months before the rainy season. The newly formed leaves synthesize anthocyanin until the fully expanded leaves of the whole canopy are red. This foliage is referred to as "spring flush" foliage. Subsequently, the anthocyanins are metabolized and the pre-rain leaves become green. Carbon dioxide assimilation exhibited a bimodal diurnal pattern and was similar for pre-rain green leaves and fully expanded flushing leaves, although pre-rain green leaves showed a net uptake of carbon throughout the daylight period, whereas flushing leaves exhibited only brief periods of net photosynthesis in the morning and early afternoon. Measurements of leaf water potential and relative water content showed a diurnal pattern with considerable variation throughout the day. Leaf water potential and relative water content values decreased soon after sunrise reaching a minimum at a time corresponding to the afternoon peak in CO(2) assimilation. Stomatal conductance was closely related to transpiration rate in both flushing and pre-rain green leaves, although flushing leaves had lower stomatal conductances than pre-rain green leaves. Pre-rain green leaves exhibited a compensation irradiance of approximately 180 micro mol m(-2) s(-1), whereas flushing leaves had positive net photosynthesis only at PPFDs greater than 300 micro mol m(-2) s(-1). Rate of photosynthesis (expressed per leaf area or chlorophyll unit) increased as anthocyanin concentration decreased, although the photosynthetic rate continued to increase long after the leaf anthocyanins had been degraded to low, visually undetectable amounts. Post-rain green leaves had chlorophyll concentrations, transpiration rates and stomatal conductances similar to those of pre-rain green leaves; however, photosynthetic rates in post-rain leaves were more than three times higher. Thus, during the early stages of the spring flush, carbon asimilation rates of the flushing leaves were inversely related to leaf anthocyanin concentrations. In pre-rain green leaves, photosynthesis was limited by other non-stomatal factors.     

Long- and short-term flooding effects on survival and sink-source relationships of swamp-adapted tree species

About 95% of swamp tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica var. biflora (Walt.) Sarg.) and sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) seedlings survived continuous root flooding for more than two years, whereas none of the swamp chestnut oak (Quercus michauxii Nutt.) and cherrybark oak (Q. falcata var. pagodifolia Ell.) seedlings survived one year of flooding. Death of oak seedlings occurred in phases associated with periods of major vegetative growth, e.g., after bud burst in spring, after summer stem elongation, and during the winter deciduous stage, suggesting that stored reserves and sources were inadequate to maintain the seedlings when vegetative sinks were forming. Additional evidence that flooding induced a source deficiency in oak was that leaves of flooded oak were 65 to 75% smaller than leaves of nonflooded oak. Flooded swamp tupelo seedlings had a normal leaf size and patchy stomatal opening compared with nonflooded seedlings. Flooding caused increases in alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) specific activity in taproot cambial tissues and increases in starch concentrations of swamp tupelo seedlings that were reversed when seedlings were removed from flooding. Flooding had little effect on soluble sugar concentrations in swamp tupelo or sweetgum. In the long-term flood-dry-flood treatment, in which all species had survivors, upper canopy leaf photosynthetic rates were higher in all species during the dry period than in nonflooded controls, whereas their starch and soluble sugars concentrations were similar to those of nonflooded controls. Based on seedling survival and the sink-source relationships, the order of flood tolerance was: swamp tupelo > sweetgum > swamp chestnut oak > cherrybark oak.     

除草剂污染堆肥用量对黄瓜生物有效性的影响

化学除草已成为确保现代农业生产不可或缺的技术，但因除草剂会在非靶标植物中残留，进
而导致堆肥和有机肥料产品被除草剂污染，为避免堆肥及其产品在不合理应用时对后茬植物的生长产生不
良影响，造成不可挽回的损失，本试验采用市售基质、普通堆肥和受除草剂污染的堆肥为试材，设置无污
染堆肥处理（C1）、氯氨吡啶酸污染堆肥处理（C2）和二氯吡啶酸污染堆肥处理（C3）3 个处理，在0、5%、
10% 和20% 堆肥不同用量条件下，以黄瓜的出苗率和播种后45 d 时植株的节间距、株高、茎粗、植株干质量、
叶片数、叶面积、叶片卷曲情况和壮苗指数为评价指标。结果表明，受除草剂污染的堆肥对黄瓜种子的萌
发有抑制作用，且堆肥用量越大，出苗率越低，而且黄瓜幼苗表现出严重的除草剂药害症状，植株纤弱，
叶片狭小、卷曲。两种除草剂污染堆肥对黄瓜的影响呈现不同的规律，在堆肥用量相同的条件下，氯氨吡
啶酸比二氯吡啶酸对黄瓜的药害严重，这表明越高效的除草剂随堆肥或有机肥的施用对后茬敏感植物的药
害风险越大。