Effects of oil of cloves and citronellol, two commercially available repellents, against the webbing clothes mothTineola bisselliella Hum. (Lepidoptera: Tineidae)

Tineola bisselliella is a common pest on natural fabrics of economic importance. Two commercially available repellents for use against adult webbing clothes moths were tested for their efficacy in dual- and no-choice bioassays. Oil of cloves and citral in combination, as well as citronellol scented with oil of lavender showed promising repellent effects for 4 weeks when applied in small compartments of a wardrobe. Although the repellent efficacy was not 100% under the conditions tested, the usage of essential oils in combination with other infestation prevention techniques is discussed.

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Zusammenfassung Die KleidermotteTineola bisselliella Hum. ist einer der wirtschaftlich bedeutenden tierischen Wollzerstörer. Auch Pelze, Felle, Polsterhaare und Federn werden von dem weit verbreiteten Kleinschmetterling aus der Familie der Tineidae befallen. In der Praxis gilt es vor allem Kleidungsstücke, die z. B. saisonbedingt für längere Zeit ungenutzt in einem Kleiderschrank aufbewahrt werden, vor dem Befall durch die Kleidermotte zu schützen. Hierfür stehen dem Verbraucher neben den konventionellen Bekämpfungsmitteln mit den Wirkstoffen Kampfer, Naphthalin und Paradichlorbenzol sowie pyrethrum- und pyrethroidhaltige Mittel auch Präparate zur Verfügung, die auf die repellierende Wirkung von ätherischen Ölen zurückgreifen. Die abstoßende Wirkung von Nelkenöl in Kombination mit Citral und von Citronellol parfümiert mit Lavendelöl auf die Falter der Kleidermotte wurde auf vergleichbare Eigenschaften untersucht. In Wahlversuchen wurden deutliche Repellent-Wirkungen der Mottenschutz-Präparate sichtbar. Die Präparate zeigten gute Wirkungen, wenn sie zum Schutz gegen den Zuflug von Kleidermotten an wollhaltigen Stoffen in kleinen Kompartimenten eines Kleiderschrankes ausgelegt waren. Auch in Zwangsversuchen hatte dieser Befund zum Teil Bestand. Bei längeren Versuchszeiten wurden allerdings verstärkt Fraßschäden durch Larven an den Wollstoffen festgestellt. Dies ist darauf zurückzuführen, daß Mottenweibchen nicht mehr in dem Maße repelliert wurden und ihre Eier an den Stoffen ablegten.

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This article reports the results of research only. Mention of a proprietary product or pesticide does not constitute an endorsement or a recommendation for its use by the Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry or by the USDA-ARS.     

Entwicklung UV-beköderter Fallen zur Bekämpfung des Tropischen Schimmelplattkäfers,Ahasverus advena (Waltl. 1832), in Geflügelmastställen

Zusammenfassung Der durch Massenvermehrung in Geflügelmastställen schädliche Tropische SchimmelplattkäferAhasverus advena wird von UV-Licht angelockt. Diese Eigenschaft soll durch Lichtfallen zur Bekämpfung ausgenutzt werden. In Laborversuchen wurde die Lockwirkung verschiedener UV-emittierender Lampen vergleichend geprüft und eine für die Praxis geeignete Falle entwikkelt, die in Geflügelmastställen gute Fangergebnisse zeigte. Entgegen der auf den Laboruntersuchungen beruhenden Erwartung wurden auch sehr viele Behaarte Baumschwammkäfer (Typhea stercorea) durch die UV-Lichtfallen angelockt.

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Development of ultra-violet baited traps for control ofAhasverus advena (Waltl. 1832) in poultry farms

The mass reproduction of the parasite beetleAhasverus advena is the reason for its destructiveness in poultry farming stables. The fact that this species is attracted by UV radiation led to the conclusion thatAhasverus advena could be trapped by traps equipped with UV lamps. The best suited type of UV fluorescent lamps was selected according to the attractiveness of the lamps which was investigated in comparative experiments. Using this type of lamps a trap has been constructed. In field experiments the suitability of the traps could be proven. In contrary to the experience from earlier experiments many beetles of the speciesTyphea stercorea were attracted and trapped too.

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Mit 9 ABbildungen

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Gefördert im Rahmen der industriellen Gemeinschaftsforschung aus Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft [Arbeitsgemeinschaft industrieller Forschungsvereinigungen e. V. (AIF)] Forschungsvorhaben 7852.     

Einsatz von Prallmaschinen zur Bekämpfung der MehlmotteEphestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Mehl und Grieß

Zusammenfassung Durch den Einsatz eines Doppelrotors konnte die Durchsatzleistung beim Prallvorgang von Mehlen von 7 t/h auf 12 t/h bei gleichzeitiger vollständiger Abtötung der Eier vonEphestia kuehniella gesteigert werden.Bei der Prallung von Grießen in Prallmaschinen kann durch Verringerung der Umlaufgeschwindigkeiten der Prallbolzen eine unerwünschte Verfeinerung des Produktes vermieden werden. Eine Abtötung von Mehlmotteneiern ist bei Leistungen von mindestens 12 t/h weiterhin gewährleistet.

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Use of impact machines to control the Mediterranean Flour MothEphestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in flour and semolina

By using a double rotor system in impact machines for flour treatment the capacity can be increased from 7 t/h to 12 t/h and still showing 100% mortality of eggs from the Mediterranean Flour MothEphestia kuehniella.By semolina treatment in impact machines the velocity of the bolts can be reduced to insure that the granulation of the treated product is not influenced to an unacceptable degree. A 100% kill ofE. kuehniella eggs can be reached for a capacity of at least 12 t/h.

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Mit 3 Tabellen     

Ein praxisnaher Versuch zur Ermittlung der Dauerwirkung von Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner gegen die Dörrobstmotte Plodia interpunctella Hbn in einem Getreideschüttbodenlager

In order to test, under warehouse conditions, the longterm effectiveness of THURICIDE® dust, containingBacillus thrungiensis var.kurstaki (=Serotype H_{3a, 3b}), with a viable spore count of 6 to 10 million per mg, the biopreparation was applied to rye, stored in bulk, on which larvae of the Indian Meal Moth (Plodia interpunctella Hbn.) were fed. From May to October, moth eggs were exposed monthly to rye dusted with 100 mg (320×10³ IU) resp. 150 mg (480×10³ IU) THURICIDE® dust per 100 g grain respectively. At a concentration of 100 mg 0.2% to 2.4% of the larvae, which hatched from the eggs in May, June and August, survived to the adult stage. No moths were observed in the experiments continued during September and October. At a cocentration of 150 mg, only in the experiments started in June and July 2.7% and 0.1% respectively of the eggs and larve survive to become adults. In the experiments of May, August, September and October, none were stated to have survived. The biopreparation-free control of May, June and July showed that about 75% of the eggs/larvae reached the adult stage, whereas, in August, September and October, untreated eggs and larvac reaching the adult stage amounted to 14% and 1% respectively. In reason of the combination of the efficiency ofBacillus thuringiensis and of the only small amount of surviving larvae due to the low temperatures during autumn and winter months, the surface application of THURICIDE® dust would be promising measure for combatting moth pests in bulk-stored grain.     

Root architecture might account for contrasting establishment success of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudotsuga menziesii</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">menziesii</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus sylvestris</Emphasis> in Central Europe under dry conditions

Key message

Pinus sylvestris seedlings quickly expand their roots to deeper soil layers while Pseudotsuga menziesii concentrates its root system in the topsoil, thereby running the risk of desiccation during long dry spells, as indicated by lower survival after simulated summer drought.

Context

Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas-fir) is regarded as a promising species to maintain the productivity of Central European lowland forests given the projected increase of long dry spells.

Aims

Will the species be able to regenerate from seed and spread outside plantations in a drier temperate Europe?

Methods

We measured the relative growth rate, biomass allocation, root architecture, and phenotypic plasticity of Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings sown in a common garden and grown under current precipitation and prolonged drought, respectively. The species’ competitive ability with respect to Pinus sylvestris L., the most drought-tolerant native conifer in Central Europe, was assessed during three growing seasons.

Results

Pinus sylvestris seedlings had higher relative growth rates than did Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings, first in terms of aboveground biomass and later in terms of shoot height. This resulted in heavier and taller seedlings after three growing seasons under both moist and dry conditions. Shorter vertical roots corresponded with lower survival of Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings under dry conditions.

Conclusion

Fast root proliferation allows Pinus sylvestris seedlings to reach deeper water pools that are less rapidly depleted during transient drought. By contrast, the shallow root system might put Pseudotsuga menziesii seedlings at the risk of desiccation during prolonged dry spells.

     

Safety and immunogenicity of a delta inulin-adjuvanted inactivated Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine in pregnant mares and foals

In 2011, following severe flooding in Eastern Australia, an unprecedented epidemic of equine encephalitis occurred in South-Eastern Australia, caused by Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) and a new variant strain of Kunjin virus, a subtype of West Nile virus (WNV_KUN). This prompted us to assess whether a delta inulin-adjuvanted, inactivated cell culture-derived Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) vaccine (JE-ADVAX™) could be used in horses, including pregnant mares and foals, to not only induce immunity to JEV, but also elicit cross-protective antibodies against MVEV and WNV_KUN. Foals, 74–152 days old, received two injections of JE-ADVAX™. The vaccine was safe and well-tolerated and induced a strong JEV-neutralizing antibody response in all foals. MVEV and WNV_KUN antibody cross-reactivity was seen in 33% and 42% of the immunized foals, respectively. JE-ADVAX™ was also safe and well-tolerated in pregnant mares and induced high JEV-neutralizing titers. The neutralizing activity was passively transferred to their foals via colostrum. Foals that acquired passive immunity to JEV via maternal antibodies then were immunized with JE-ADVAX™ at 36–83 days of age, showed evidence of maternal antibody interference with low peak antibody titers post-immunization when compared to immunized foals of JEV-naïve dams. Nevertheless, when given a single JE-ADVAX™ booster immunization as yearlings, these animals developed a rapid and robust JEV-neutralizing antibody response, indicating that they were successfully primed to JEV when immunized as foals, despite the presence of maternal antibodies. Overall, JE-ADVAX™ appears safe and well-tolerated in pregnant mares and young foals and induces protective levels of JEV neutralizing antibodies with partial cross-neutralization of MVEV and WNV_KUN.     

Expression of Perilipin 2 (PLIN2) in Porcine Oocytes During Maturation

Perilipins have been reported to limit the interaction of lipases with neutral lipids within the droplets, thereby regulating neutral lipid accumulation and utilization. This study aimed to identify the location and expression of PLIN1 and PLIN2 in porcine oocytes during maturation. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR), immunostaining and Western blot methods were used to characterize the expression and distribution patterns of PLIN1 and PLIN2 in porcine oocytes. The results showed that PLIN1 was not detectable in porcine oocytes. PLIN2 and BODIPY 493/503‐detected neutral lipid droplets appeared identical distribution patterns and extensive colocalization in both GV and MII porcine oocytes. PLIN2 protein expression was higher in GV oocytes than that in MII oocytes (p < 0.05), although PLIN2 mRNA expression was similar in both groups. These findings suggested that PLIN2 was a major lipid droplet‐associated protein in porcine oocytes.     

Dirofilaria immitis in cats from inner Sydney

Two hundred feral cats from the inner suburbs of Sydney were examined post mortem for adult Dirofilaria immitis and circulating microfilariae, and 101 of these cats were tested for heartworm antigens by an ELISA. Only 2 cats (1%) had adult heartworms, the blood sample from another cat contained a single microfilaria. The blood of a further three cats contained small amounts of D immitis antigen. Although D immitis occurs in cats in Sydney, the prevalence is not high enough to warrant prophylactic treatment.