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D Rodrigo-Mocholí E Escudero E Belda FG Laredo V Hernandis 《New Zealand veterinary journal》2018,66(4):172-177
AIMS: To determine the pharmacokinetics, and anaesthetic and sedative effects of alfaxalone after I/V and I/M administration to cats.METHODS: Six European shorthair cats, three males and three females, with a mean weight of 4.21 (SD 0.53) kg and aged 3.8 (SD 0.9) years were enrolled in this crossover, two–treatment, two-period study. Alfaxalone at a dose of 5?mg/kg was administered either I/V or I/M. Blood samples were collected between 2–480 minutes after drug administration and analysed for concentrations of alfaxalone by HPLC. The plasma concentration-time curves were analysed by non-compartmental analysis. Sedation scores were evaluated between 5–120 minutes after drug administration using a numerical rating scale (from 0–18). Intervals from drug administration to sit, sternal and lateral recumbency during the induction phase, and to head-lift, sternal recumbency and standing position during recovery were recorded.RESULTS: The mean half-life and mean residence time of alfaxalone were longer after I/M (1.28 (SD 0.21) and 2.09 (SD 0.36) hours, respectively) than after I/V (0.49 (SD 0.07) and 0.66 (SD 0.16) hours, respectively) administration (p<0.05). Bioavailability after I/M injection of alfaxalone was 94.7 (SD 19.8)%. The mean intervals to sternal and lateral recumbency were longer in the I/M (3.73 (SD 1.99) and 6.12 (SD 0.90) minutes, respectively) compared to I/V (0 minutes for all animals) treated cats (p<0.01). Sedation scores indicative of general anaesthesia (scores >15) were recorded from 5–15 minutes after I/V administration and deep sedation (scores 11–15) at 20 and 30 minutes. Deep sedation was observed from 10–45 minutes after I/M administration. One cat from each group showed hyperkinesia during recovery, and the remainder had an uneventful recovery.CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Alfaxalone administered I/V in cats provides rapid and smooth induction of anaesthesia. After I/M administration, a longer exposure to the drug and an extended half life were obtained compared to I/V administration. Therefore I/M administration of alfaxalone could be a reliable, suitable and easy route in cats, taking into account that alfaxalone has a slower onset of sedation than when given I/V and achieves deep sedation rather than general anaesthesia. 相似文献
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Availability of cadmium for vegetable plants in allotment soils Pot experiments with soils from allotments of Hamburg and different vegetables were carried out to determine the mobility and plant availability of cadmium. Total soil Cd-contents in combination with other soil properties as well as 0.1 M CaCl2 and 1 M NH4NO3 extractable Cd were tested with regard to forecasting the Cd-uptake by plants. A direct comparison of these methods and their suitability is given. Soil threshold values were derived, which possibly result in Cd-plant uptake and Cd-contents exceeding the actually valid limits in food. These threshold values were evaluated for three testing methods: Total soil Cd-content in combination with pH as well as 0.1 M CaCl2 and 1 M NH4NO3 extractable Cd. 相似文献
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A. Gundelwein T. Müller-Lupp M. Sommerkorn E. T. K. Haupt E.-M. Pfeiffer & H. Wiechmann 《European Journal of Soil Science》2007,58(5):1164-1174
Large amounts of carbon are stored in permafrost‐affected soils of the Arctic tundra. The quantity, distribution and composition of this carbon are important, because much of the carbon is likely to be released as a result of global warming. We have studied soils of the central Siberian Arctic to determine the carbon content and the nature of the organic matter by density fractionation, and 13C‐NMR‐ and 13C‐stable‐isotope analyses. There are pronounced differences in the profile and variations from place to place in the quantity and nature of soil organic matter. We estimated that the mean stock of carbon was 14.5 kg m–2 within the active layer. We found a total of about 30.7 kg C m–3 in the entire upper metre of the soils. Carbon of the tussock tundra showed strong vertical differentiation, with a large proportion comprising decomposed, recalcitrant compounds. We identified within the soil several zones of aerobe and anaerobe decomposition. Mobile carbon fractions have precipitated under the influence of low temperatures. 相似文献
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H. Wiechmann 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1987,150(2):125-125
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A large autochthonic soil of preoligocene age from lower devonian schist of the Eifel Paleosols of Mesozoic-Tertiary age and their sediments are very important for the reconstruction of the landscape history in the area of the Rhenish Massiv. But stratigraphically determined, as well as autochthonous soils with exact analytical datas scarcely exist. Therefore a thick, autochthonous profile of a red fossil soil rich in clay was investigated. It consists of a concretion zone, mottled clay zone and a pallid zone above a 30 m thick saprolithe zone from bleached Devonian clay and silt shales with sandstone layers. Stratigraphical investigations of the superficial layers improve a pre-Oligocene age of soil formation. Results of soil analysis show an absolute accumulation of red coloured Fe oxides in the upper horizons and an intensive formation of kaolinite from chlorites and micas. Quartz underwent solution only in the finest fractions. Desilication did not proceed so far, that gibbsite could be formed. Therefore the molar SiO2 : Al2O3 ratio of the clay fraction does not decrease below 2. Erosion of formerly existing, stronger weathered horizons can't be excluded. According to the FAO-UNESCO soil map of the world and the Soil Taxonomy the criteria for Oxisols and Ferralsols are closely fulfilled. By the systematic of the Federal Republic of Germany the palesol is to be classified as a red-plastosol. 相似文献
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