Evidence for functional G-coupled protein receptors 43 and 120 in subcutaneous and intramuscular adipose tissue of Angus crossbred steers

We conducted 3 independent experiments to demonstrate functional G-coupled protein receptor 43 (GPR43) and GPR120 in bovine intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) adipose tissues. We hypothesized that media volatile fatty acids and long-chain fatty acids would affect cAMP-activated protein kinase-alpha (AMPKα) protein expression and cAMP concentrations differently in i.m. and s.c. adipose tissue. Experiment 1: oleic acid (18:1n-9) decreased phosphorylated AMPKα protein (p-AMPKα) and the p-AMPKα/AMPKα protein ratio in i.m. preadipocytes, increased the p-AMPKα/AMPKα protein ratio in bovine satellite cells, and had no effect in s.c. preadipocytes. Experment 2: ex vivo explants from the 5th to 8th longissimus thoracic rib muscle section of Angus crossbred steers were cultured 48 hr in media containing 0.25 µM ciglitizone, 5 mM glucose, and 5 mM acetate, in the absence or the presence of 100 µM oleic acid. Oleic acid increased acetate incorporation into fatty acids and GPR43 gene expression in i.m. adipose tissue (P < 0.05), but oleic acid had no effect on fatty acid synthesis or GPR43 expression in s.c. adipose tissue. Experiment 3: fresh s.c. and i.m. adipose tissue from the 5th to 8th longissimus thoracic rib muscle section of Angus crossbred steers was transferred immediately to 6-well culture plates containing 3 mL of KHB/Hepes/5 mM glucose. Samples were preincubated with 0.5 mM theophylline plus 10 μM forskolin for 30 min, after which increasing concentrations of acetate or propionate (0, 10⁻³, 10^−2.3, and 10⁻³ M) in the absence or the presence of 100 μM oleic acid or 100 µM palmitic acid (16:0) were added to the incubation media. Acetate had no effect on forskolin-stimulated cAMP production in s.c. adipose tissue but decreased cAMP in i.m. adipose tissue (P < 0.05); this indicates a functional GPR43 receptor in i.m. adipose tissue. The combination of 10⁻² M acetate and oleic acid decrease cAMP production in s.c. adipose tissue, consistent with GPR120 receptor activity, but oleic acid and palmitic acid attenuated the depression of cAMP production caused by acetate in i.m. adipose tissue. Palmitic acid depressed cAMP production in s.c. adipose tissue, and increased cAMP production in i.m. adipose tissue (P < 0.05). Propionate had no effect on cAMP production in s.c. or i.m. adipose tissue. These results provide evidence for functional GPR43 receptors in i.m. adipose tissue and GPR120 receptors in s.c. adipose tissue, both of which would suppress lipolysis.     

Optimising cutting method and timing for the control of Abutilon theophrasti seed production

Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) is a widespread and problematic annual weed. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different cutting methods on the viability of A. theophrasti seeds. Three cutting methods were assessed: (1) Entire plant cut and dried (EPD)—plants were cut at soil level and dried with capsules attached on the greenhouse bench or soil surface for 4 weeks; (2) capsules detached and dried (CD)—capsules were removed from plants and dried for 4 weeks; and (3) capsules detached and tested while fresh (CF)—a control treatment. Before drying, the developmental stage (stage one, dark green; stage two, light green; stage three, yellowish-green; or stage four, black with the slightly open capsule) and age (days after flowering, DAF) of each capsule was recorded. Seed viability was measured immediately in the CF treatment and after the 4-week drying period in the EPD and CD treatments. No seeds in the EPD and CD treatments were viable when harvested at the first developmental stage (1–8 DAF) in either experiment, but 100% of seeds in the CF treatment in the field were viable when harvested at 8 DAF. In both greenhouse and field experiments, seeds attained full viability at earlier harvest ages in CF than in EPD or CD treatments, suggesting that seeds might become viable relatively early in development but lose viability if allowed to dry. These findings could be applied to optimise late-season mechanical control of A. theophrasti.     

耕作制度对紫色水稻土根际与非根际土壤有机碳矿化的影响

以稻田免耕长期定位试验点为平台,研究耕作制度对紫色水稻土根际与非根际土壤有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明,不同耕作制度下稻田土壤有机碳日均矿化量均表现前期快速下降而后逐渐趋于平稳,培养结束时有机碳日均矿化量仅为第1天的3.1%～6.7%;另外,实行稻油轮作可有效降低土壤有机碳矿化速率。垄作免耕(中稻-油菜)处理有机碳日均矿化量、累积矿化量及矿化强度均为根际大于非根际土壤,而其他处理则是根际小于非根际土壤。稻田根际与非根际土壤有机碳平均日均矿化量随培养时间均符合幂函数变化规律,在62d培养期内,除第1天外,非根际土壤平均日均矿化量均大于根际土壤平均日均矿化量,差异变幅范围为67.0%～98.7%。各处理稻田根际与非根际土壤有机碳日均矿化量、累积矿化量和矿化强度均与其相应pH显著相关;根际与非根际土壤间有机碳日均矿化量和累积矿化量差异均与其微生物生物量碳、氮含量显著相关。     

农业面源污染影响因子及控制技术的研究现状与展望

面源污染的严重性受到国内外普遍关注,并已成为国际水环境问题研究的活跃领域。本文在简要介绍农业面源污染发生机理和特征的基础上,首先综述了土地利用方式、农田耕作、田间水肥管理、地形地貌、气候水文特征和社会经济因素等农业面源污染影响因子的研究现状,然后从人工湿地技术、前置库技术、缓冲带技术、水土保持技术、农田养分管理技术和农业生态工程技术等几个方面阐述了近年来国内外农业面源污染控制技术的最新研究进展,并结合我国实际提出今后农业面源污染的研究重点。     

基于拉萨市农产品销售物流配送的现状及问题研究

文章从"互联网+"的角度出发,通过实地调研、走访及结合我国农产品销售配送的现有形式,系统的分析了拉萨市农产品销售和农产品物流配送的现状及存在的问题;从而构建一种高效便捷的城市农产品配送系统,其中包括农产品进入市场的初始环节、交易环节、仓储配送环节以及存取物环节.     

土壤质量生物学指标研究进展

本文对近年土壤微生物、土壤酶活性和土壤动物等土壤质量生物学指标研究成果进行了综合评述。土壤微生物是土壤有机组分和生态系统中最活跃的部分,被认为是最敏感的土壤质量生物学指标:微生物生物量代表参与调控土壤中能量和养分循环及有机物质转化所对应微生物的数量,但须结合多样性研究以弥补其无法反映土壤微生物组成和区系变化的缺陷;微生物群落组成和多样性动态反映土壤中生物类群的多变性和土壤质量在微生物数量和功能上的差异;土壤微生物活性体现在土壤微生物商、微生物呼吸和代谢商等方面,应考虑生物量大小与微生物种群活性间的相关关系以反映微生物种群内的差异。土壤酶活性具有极高时效性,在较短时间内就能反映出土壤质量的变化。土壤动物通常以种类的组成和数量,土壤动物区系的相对丰度、多样性或活性作为评价土壤生物质量的敏感指标。与土壤理化指标相比,土壤生物学指标更能对土壤质量的变化做出灵敏迅速的响应,因而被广泛地用于评价土壤质量。     

臭柏的核型分析

臭柏（Ｓａｂｉｎａ ｖｕｌｇａｒｉｓ）体细胞染色体数目为２ｎ＝２２,其核型公式为２ｎ＝２ｘ＝４ｎ（ｓｃ）＋１６ｍ＋２Ｍ,按Ｓｔｅｂｂｉｎｓ的核型分类原则,臭柏的核型属１Ａ型。     

转Bt基因玉米的抗虫鉴定及杂种优势

【目的】研究转Bt基因玉米Zea may材料表达、产量潜力及杂种优势表现,为转基因材料遗传改良提供参考。【方法】以Reid群骨干系PH6WC及育成的自交系J1490、J1495、4DH10和外引系PH1CPS作母本,以Non-Reid为基础的转Bt基因材料6DH85、J1401、6DH222、8DH273和8DH279以及自选系J9D207、J1628、J1668为父本,按NCⅡ设计组配40(5×8)个杂交组合,对转Bt基因材料抗虫表现和产量潜力进行研究。【结果】通过回交转育系谱法处理后代获得转基因材料中的部分Bt基因丢失或者沉默,没有在子代中成功表达出相应蛋白。转Bt基因的杂交组合在一定程度上可以避免因虫害造成的产量损失,与对照品种相比,组合4DH10×8DH279表现最好,增产31.10%;组合J1495×J1401虽然含有Bt基因,且与其不含Bt基因的同父本组合相比增产效果明显,最高可增产65.77%,但与对照品种相比,仅增产10.04%。【结论】玉米转基因育种与常规育种相结合,对其跟踪测配,才有望培育出高产、抗虫优良品种。     

渝东北中山区典型土壤的系统分类

以渝东北中山区(海拔>800 m)为研究区域,选取该区域8个典型土壤样点,通过剖面挖掘、野外观测和分层样品分析等方法,明确供试剖面的形态特征和理化性质,检索出上述典型土壤的诊断层与诊断特性,探讨其在中国土壤系统分类(CST)中的归属,并与发生分类进行参比。结果表明,在8个供试土壤剖面中,除旱地外,林地及牧草地土壤具有淡薄表层,在坡度较小和土壤侵蚀较弱的情况下土壤大都可以形成黏化层,碳酸盐岩风化物发育的土壤均符合碳酸盐岩岩性特征,海拔800 m以上土壤符合常湿润土壤水分状况。8个供试土壤剖面分别被划归3个土纲(淋溶土、雏形土、新成土),3个亚纲(常湿淋溶土、常湿雏形土、正常新成土),3个土类(钙质常湿淋溶土、钙质常湿雏形土、湿润正常新成土),5个亚类(腐殖钙质常湿淋溶土、普通钙质常湿淋溶土、腐殖钙质常湿雏形土、普通钙质常湿雏形土、石质湿润正常新成土),其中,被划归为淋溶土土纲的剖面数量最多(共4个剖面),说明该区域土壤淋溶作用明显。黄棕壤、棕壤、黄色石灰土和黑色石灰土亚类均参比到了CST的钙质常湿淋溶土土类,黄棕壤性土和山地灌丛草甸土亚类均参比到了CST的钙质常湿雏形土土类,棕壤性土亚类参比到了CST的湿润正常新成土土类。按照土族和土系的划分标准,8个供试土壤剖面建立了8个土族,划分出8个土系。     

西藏地区青稞籽粒营养品质分析及评价

为探明西藏地区青稞品种间的性状差异及性状间的相关性,筛选优异品质青稞种质,以251个西藏青稞种质资源为材料,测定了籽粒淀粉、粗蛋白、β-葡聚糖、γ-氨基丁酸、大量元素（Ca、P）、微量元素（Fe、Zn、Se）含量共9个品质指标,分析了被测指标间关系。结果表明,所测定的9项品质指标在供试种质资源间均存在不同程度的差异,淀粉含量的变异系数最小,Se含量的变异系数最大;粗蛋白与淀粉含量呈极显著负相关（r= -0.54）,粗蛋白与γ-氨基丁酸、Ca、P、Zn、Fe含量均呈极显著正相关。对被测指标进行主成分分析发现,可将9项品质指标简化成3个主成分,其累积方差贡献率为74.5%,其中第一主成分因子的贡献率达到了 48.0%,第一主成分中因子载荷量大的品质指标是Zn、P、Ca、粗蛋白、γ-氨基丁酸、淀粉、Fe含量。综合评价筛选出10个营养品质较高的种质,分别为BJX152、BJX008、BJX149、BJX004、BJX003、BJX015、BJX005、藏青2000、BJX227、喜马拉22号。