太湖地区农业源对水体氮污染的贡献——以宜溧河流域为例

宜溧河流域是太湖上游的主要集水流域,该流域的污染物排放是太湖污染负荷的重要来源。重点针对种植业、畜禽养殖业和水产养殖业三种农业污染源,基于统计年鉴、遥感解译、野外监测和调研等多种手段,对种植业、水产养殖业和禽畜养殖业分行业进行了氮污染负荷核算。结果表明,2013年宜溧河流域主要农业源氮污染负荷总量为6861 t,单位排放强度为22.2 kg·hm^-2;种植业和禽畜养殖业是宜溧河流域氮污染的主要来源,其中种植业源TN排放量最大,为3832 t,占总负荷的55.9%,种植业中蔬菜地对氮污染的贡献较大,TN排放量占总农业源负荷的18.7%;禽畜养殖业源TN排放量次之,占总负荷的34.4%;水产养殖业源TN排放量最小,占总负荷的9.8%.因此,针对宜溧河流域农业源氮污染的治理,在考虑禽畜养殖和水产养殖的同时,应以种植业污染尤其是菜地作为重点研究对象,制定合理的控制措施。     

不同土地利用类型氨挥发氮同位素自然丰度特征

为了探讨不同土地利用类型下氨（NH3）挥发氮同位素自然丰度特征,采集3种土地利用类型（果园、菜地和林地）土壤,在可控条件下采用海绵吸收法开展了为期15d的室内培养试验,测定了不同土地利用类型下土壤NH3挥发全过程δ15N值及其变化规律。培养期间,3种土地利用类型下的土壤NH+4-N浓度均呈现先上升后下降的趋势;果园和菜...     

无机铜试剂对棉花苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的影响

利用无机铜试剂（CIE）在新陆早17和新陆中26两棉花品种的3叶期和蕾期进行叶面喷施,检测棉株叶片内的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）的活性变化。结果表明,两品种在3叶期和蕾期均表现为PAL活性显著增高,第2天后即开始产生对PAL活性诱导作用,第10天后PAL的活性开始回落至对照组水平;两品种蕾期PAL的诱导活性均明显高于3叶期,且PAL高活性水平持续天数较3叶期长;棉花不同生育期使用CIE,均可增强棉叶PAL的活性;两品种在不同生育期的PAL活性出现峰值的时间、强度不一,显示出品种抗性的差异性。试验表明,CIE可诱导增强棉叶中PAL的活性。     

牛肉酶解条件和饮料加工技术研究

采用酶解技术和发酵技术,对酶解牛肉蛋白饮料的生产工艺进行了研究。正交试验结果表明,在胃蛋白酶酶浓度(与底物之比)为8g/kg,温度35℃,pH2.5条件下水解3h,水解后游离氨基酸含量由原来的10.7mg/kg增加到14.7mg/kg,变化不明显;木瓜蛋白酶在酶浓度(与底物之比)为8g/kg,温度60℃,pH7条件下水解4h,水解后游离氨基酸含量由原来的10.7mg/kg增加到40.1mg/kg,增加了将近4倍。对比试验结果说明,木瓜蛋白酶比胃蛋白酶更适于牛肉酶解。酶解后的水解液接入30g/kg的嗜热链球菌(S.t)和保加利亚杆菌(L.b)发酵2h过滤后,酶解液风味得到明显改善,并产生了特殊的发酵风味,适于做保健饮品。牛肉饮料配方:牛肉酶解发酵过滤液80g/kg,麦芽糖30g/kg,蔗糖45g/kg,乳化稳定剂3g/kg,柠檬酸等酸味调节剂和香精适量,调pH为3.8～4.0。产品符合牛肉饮料标准和国家相关标准。     

白马鸡人工驯养初步研究

通过人工饲养的方式探索出白马鸡驯养的经验,即:在野生白马鸡适宜生境下建立饲养场,从育雏阶段开始进行人工投食饲养和本地土鸡带领相结合的驯养方式。目前已经完成从子一代到子二代的完整驯养、饲养流程,取得了云南省林业厅的驯养繁殖许可证。对育雏、亚成体、成体阶段的喂食量、存活情况等作了分析,认为接近原始生境的环境及本地带雏母鸡是成功的重要条件。     

白马鸡的人工孵化研究

采用异亲鸟孵化与机器孵化2种繁殖方法对白马鸡种卵孵化的出雏率、种卵失重率等方面进行对比分析。结果表明,异亲鸟孵化成功率达87%以上,机器孵化的出雏率为85%;发育正常的白马鸡种卵在孵化器内正常孵化失重率变化不大,在13%左右;无发育能力的白马鸡卵在孵化器内正常孵化失重率变化较大,在11%~17%之间变动。在白马鸡人工孵化过程中种卵选择是孵化成功的先决条件。     

蛋鸭坦布苏病毒与金黄色葡萄球菌混合感染的诊治

山东省某养鸭场蛋鸭发病,通过临床诊断及实验室检测最终确诊为坦布苏病毒与金黄色葡萄球菌混合感染。通过对感染鸭群进行对症治疗和抗生素治疗,控制住了病情,减少了经济损失。     

几种不同类型土壤有机碳库容大小及周转研究

通过土壤样品的室内培养,运用三库一级动力学理论,分析了沼泽土、草甸土、普通黄棕壤和棕色石灰土4种土壤有机碳库容大小、各碳库平均周转时间及分解动态。结果表明,4种土壤剖面表层和中层有机碳含量分别为8.48~24.53 g/kg,4.02~16.77 g/kg;活性碳占总有机碳含量的0.99%~5.01%,1.31%~1.91%,平均周转时间分别为8.8~14.3 d,10.4~16.5 d;缓效性碳占总有机碳含量的15.88%~59.04%,20.43%~48.36%,平均周转时间分别为1.3~29.1 a,3.6~21.3 a;惰性碳占总有机碳含量的39.97%~79.11%,50.31%~77.66%。不同类型土壤三库有机碳含量均是上层明显大于中层,培养3个月,表层和中层土壤有机碳累计分解量分别达到了165.99~2 429.57 mg/kg,108.04~743.02 mg/kg,4种土壤有机碳分解速率大小顺序:沼泽土>草甸土>棕色石灰土>普通黄棕壤,与活性碳的百分比含量成正相关关系。对培养期间土壤有机碳累计释放量进行拟合,发现三次方程(Y=b0 b1x b2x2 b3x3)能很好地描述其变化趋势,相关性均达到极显著水平(P<0.01)。     

Shape transition of germanium nanocrystals on a silicon (001) surface from pyramids to domes

Chemical vapor deposition of germanium onto the silicon (001) surface at atmospheric pressure and 600 degrees Celsius has previously been shown to produce distinct families of smaller (up to 6 nanometers high) and larger (all approximately 15 nanometers high) nanocrystals. Under ultrahigh-vacuum conditions, physical vapor deposition at approximately the same substrate temperature and growth rate produced a similar bimodal size distribution. In situ scanning tunneling microscopy revealed that the smaller square-based pyramids transform abruptly during growth to significantly larger multifaceted domes, and that few structures with intermediate size and shape remain. Both nanocrystal shapes have size-dependent energy minima that result from the interplay between strain relaxation at the facets and stress concentration at the edges. A thermodynamic model similar to a phase transition accounts for this abrupt morphology change.     

中国和日本农业活动对流域氮素收支的影响

To analyze the effect of agricultural activity on nitrogen(N) budget at the watershed scale,a comparative study was conducted at two Japanese watersheds,the Shibetsu River watershed(SRW) and Upper-Naka River watershed(UNRW),and one Chinese watershed,the Jurong Reservoir watershed(JRW).The total area and the proportion of agricultural area(in parentheses) of the watersheds were 685(51%),1 299(21%),and 46 km 2(55%) for SRW,UNRW,and JRW,respectively.The main agricultural land use in SRW was forage grassland,while paddy fields occupied the highest proportion of cropland in UNRW(11% of total area) and JRW(31% of total area).The farmland surplus N was 61,48,and 205 kg N ha 1 year 1 for SRW,UNRW,and JRW,respectively.The total input and output for the whole watershed were 89 and 76,83 and 61,and 353 and 176 kg N ha 1 year 1 for SRW,UNRW,and JRW,respectively.The proportion of discharged N to net anthropogenic N input was 31%,37%,and 1.7% for SRW,UNRW,and JRW,respectively.The two watersheds in Japan showed similar proportions of discharged N to those of previous reports,while the watershed in China(JRW) showed a totally different characteristic compared to previous studies.The high N input in JRW did not increase the amount of discharged N at the outlet of the watershed due to high proportions of paddy fields and water bodies,which was an underestimated N sink at the landscape scale.