结晶葡萄糖的生产工艺、用途及其发展前景

介绍了结晶葡萄糖的生产工艺、主要用途及其发展前景．     

“火罐”柿减压处理、低乙烯MA贮藏技术研究

利用减压贮藏的原理,提出了减压处理低乙烯ＭＡ贮藏技术,并利用该技术对陕西优良柿子品种－－火罐柿进行了室温条件下的保鲜贮藏研究。结果表明,减压处理低乙烯ＭＡ贮藏技术甬地抑制火罐柿硬度的下降,延长果实贮藏期。保硬期为４３ｄ,比对照长２４ｄ;贮藏期达９７ｄ,比对照长６７ｄ。     

Spermatic and oxidative profile of domestic cat (Felis catus) epididymal sperm subjected to different cooling times (24, 48 and 72 hours)

Cooling stored epididymal samples for several days allows facilities to transport and process genetic material post‐mortem. Improvements to this practice allow the preservation of sperm from domestic cats, which are the ideal study model for wild felids. However, the modifications in spermatic features and the oxidative profile are not fully understood in cats. This information is necessary for the development of biotechniques, such as new extenders for cryopreservation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the spermatic and oxidative profile in samples from the epididymal cauda of domestic cats cooled at 5°C for 24, 48 and 72 hr. Spermatozoa were collected from the epididymis cauda. Evaluations consisted of computer‐assisted sperm analysis (CASA), plasma membrane integrity (eosin/nigrosin), acrosome integrity (fast green/rose bengal), sperm morphology, sperm DNA integrity (toluidine blue), mitochondrial activity (3′3 diaminobenzidine), activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), measurement of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and protein oxidation. A decrease in sperm motility parameters was observed after 72 hr of cooling (i.e. total and progressive) with a higher percentage of minor (37.7 ± 6.3%) and total defects (53.4 ± 6.3%). Additionally, a decrease in high mitochondrial activity (Class I: 16.6 ± 2.2%) occurred after 72 hr. The decrease in motility rates after a long cooling time probably was caused by the increase in sperm abnormalities. A long cooling time causes cold shock and mitochondrial exhaustion, but there was no observed change with the oxidative stress condition. Therefore, cat epididymal sperm stored at 5°C appear to maintain a high quality for up to 48 hr of cooling time.     

A fast,low‐cost and efficient method for the diagnosis of sperm DNA fragmentation in several species

Sperm DNA fragmentation is a condition that interferes directly in the reproductive efficiency. Currently, there are several methods for assessing the sperm DNA integrity, such as Alkaline Comet, TUNEL and Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay. However, many of these techniques are laborious and require high‐precision equipment. Thus, the development of new techniques can optimize the evaluation of sperm DNA damage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to standardize the toluidine blue (TB) stain technique for the analysis of DNA fragmentation of dog, cat, bull, stallion and ram spermatozoa. For this purpose, we used six animals of each specie (n = 30), in reproductive age. Sperm was collected by different methods according to the particularities of each species, and such samples were divided into two aliquots: a sperm sample was kept at 5°C (considered as intact sperm DNA), and the remaining samples were submitted to the induction of DNA fragmentation by exposure to ultraviolet light for 4 hr. Samples were then mixed with the intact sample to obtain known and progressive proportions of sperm with fragmented DNA (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). Semen smears were performed and subjected to staining with TB. Blue‐stained spermatozoa were considered to have DNA fragmentation. We observed high linear regression coefficients between the expected proportion of damaged DNA and the results of TB for dog, cat, ram, bull and stallion samples. In conclusion, TB stain was considered a fast and effective technique for the study of spermatozoa DNA in several species.     

广东省广州市活禽批发市场从业人员H7N9流感“知信行”现状调查

为了解广东省广州市活禽批发市场从业人员对H7N9流感的认知、态度和行为,也为制定针对性的健康教育措施提供依据,2017年4—5月对广州市全部6个活禽批发市场的435名从业人员进行了问卷调查。调查结果显示:318名密切接触人员和117名非密切接触人员对H7N9流感相关知识的总知晓率分别为80.59%和69.60%;在"发现对禽高致病性的H7N9流感病毒""病死禽应该进行深埋或焚烧等无害化处理""外省养殖场发生过H7N9流感疫情"方面,密切接触者的知晓率显著高于非密切接触者(P0.03);获取H7N9流感知识的途径主要有培训,以及电视、网络和海报等宣传媒介;绝大多数市场从业人员认为政府有能力防控H7N9流感,对政府采取的H7N9流感防控措施及对目前的"1110"制度感到满意,认为活禽集中屠宰可行(P0.01);从业人员在预防H7N9流感时,接触禽类后用肥皂或洗手液洗手的占比最高(83.45%),其次是戴手套(69.20%)和穿水鞋(63.91%),而戴口罩(39.77%)和用消毒液消毒手(35.86%)的占比较低。调查认为,广州市活禽批发市场从业人员的H7N9流感知识知晓率较高,但个人防护措施实施不全面。调查结果提示,应充分利用培训,以及电视和网络等优势媒介,强化微信和微博等新兴媒介,加强对H7N9流感防控知识的宣传。     

盐碱胁迫对紫花苜蓿和草木樨发芽及出苗的影响

为选择适宜在盐碱土上种植的牧草种类,合理开发和利用盐碱地资源,分别进行室内发芽和室外出苗试验,研究盐碱胁迫对紫花苜蓿和草木樨发芽及出苗的影响.结果表明,各个浓度模拟盐碱胁迫均对紫花苜蓿的发芽有抑制作用;50 mmol/L盐溶液和5 mmol/L碱溶液对草木樨发芽有促进作用,150～250 mmol/L盐溶液和5～25 mmol/L碱溶液其发芽有抑制作用.研究同时表明,紫花苜蓿适宜种植于极轻度盐化土壤和极轻～轻度碱化土壤(pH值为8～9,EC为0.2～0.7mS/cm);草木樨则适宜种植于轻度～重度盐化土壤和中度～重度碱化土壤(pH值为9～10,EC为0.7～1.6 mS/cm).     

核桃枝枯病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

In May 2018,a new shoot dieback disease was found in several walnut orchards in Rizhao,Shandong Province.The fungal pathogen was obtained on PDA plate from diseased walnut shoots using a tissue isolation method.The purified fungal isolates formed white to grey colonies on PDA plate and three single spore isolates SDWa1-SDWa3 were obtained.Based on morphological characteristics and analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS),calmodulin (CAL),translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) and β-tubulin (TUB) sequences,the fungal isolates were identified as Diaporthe nobilis,a new pathogen on walnut.The test of Koch's rule confirmed that D.nobilis was the pathogen of walnut shoot dieback.To determine optimal growing conditions for the pathogen,its biological characteristics test was conducted.The results showed that the optimal growth temperature and pH value were at 25℃ and pH 5-9,respectively.The optimum carbon source was glucose,and favourable nitrogen source was peptone.     

玉米秸秆“富集深还”与土壤亚表层培肥

由于长期浅耕，土壤亚表层不仅缺乏有机质，还过于紧实，急需找到一种简单而有效的快速松土培肥方法。本文简要总结了已有3种秸秆还田模式的优缺点，重点介绍了秸秆“富集深还”技术及田间操作要领，以及采用该技术还田的秸秆的分解速率和亚土层培肥效果。富集深还，即将玉米联合收割机抛洒在地表的秸秆，按条带大比例富集，使用专用筒式犁具，以风力注入的方式埋入土壤亚表层 (20—40 cm)。这种模式的最大特点是不扰动土层顺序、不影响第二年种植。秸秆埋置模拟试验表明，秸秆还田330天时，其分解率就达到65%以上，剩余秸秆腐殖化，使土壤有机碳含量增加10%～15%，土壤耕层由原来的15—18 cm增加到30—35 cm。秸秆深还对腐殖物质结构特征没有产生不良影响，对H/C、亲水性等指标还有改善作用，促使黑土胡敏酸结构简单化和年轻化。秸秆深还没有引起第二年玉米产量降低。因此，采用该方法，秸秆能够连年全量还田，实现了种还分离 (种植条带与秸秆深埋条带分离) 与免耕播种的有效结合，可打破犁底层，并快速提升犁底层土壤有机质含量，为土壤亚表层快速培肥及肥沃耕层构建提供技术手段。     

快速型黄羽肉鸡饲料利用效率性状的基因组选择研究

旨在探究快速型黄羽肉鸡饲料利用效率性状的遗传参数,评估不同方法所得估计育种值的准确性。本研究以自主培育的快速型黄羽肉鸡E系1 923个个体（其中公鸡1 199只,母鸡724只）为研究素材,采用"京芯一号"鸡55K SNP芯片进行基因分型。分别利用传统最佳线性无偏预测（BLUP）、基因组最佳线性无偏预测（GBLUP）和一步法（SSGBLUP）3种方法,基于加性效应模型进行遗传参数估计,通过10倍交叉验证比较3种方法所得估计育种值的准确性。研究性状包括4个生长性状和4个饲料利用效率性状：42日龄体重（BW42D）、56日龄体重（BW56D）、日均增重（ADG）、日均采食量（ADFI）和饲料转化率（FCR）、剩余采食量（RFI）、剩余增长体重（RG）、剩余采食和增长体重（RIG）。结果显示,4个饲料利用效率性状均为低遗传力（0.08~0.20）,其他生长性状为中等偏低遗传力（0.11~0.35）;4个饲料利用效率性状间均为高度遗传相关,RFI、RIG与ADFI间为中度遗传相关,RFI与ADG间无显著相关性,RIG与ADG间为低度遗传相关。本研究在获得SSGBLUP方法的最佳基因型和系谱矩阵权重比基础上,比较8个性状的估计育种值准确性,SSGBLUP方法获得的准确性分别比传统BLUP和GBLUP方法提高3.85%~14.43%和5.21%~17.89%。综上,以RIG为选择指标能够在降低日均采食量的同时保持日均增重,比RFI更适合快速型黄羽肉鸡的选育目标;采用最佳权重比进行SSGBLUP分析,对目标性状估计育种值的预测性能最优,建议作为快速型黄羽肉鸡基因组选择方法。     

大鼠发情周期各阶段的阴道细胞变化观察

为了比较准确的确定大鼠发情周期各个阶段,利用阴道组织涂片法,对14只6月龄雌性Wistar大鼠连续20 d进行阴道涂片,镜检,观察阴道涂片中细胞的变化规律。结果表明,在发情间期,阴道涂片以白细胞为主(84.6个±1.1个);发情前期以有核上皮细胞为主(72.4个±8.3个);在发情期,以角质化的上皮细胞为主(78个±5.4个);发情后期角质化上皮细胞、有核上皮细胞和白细胞3种细胞都有,而且比例相当。阴道涂片法能简便有效的区分大鼠发情周期的各个阶段。