Byproduct feeds. Feed analysis and interpretation.

Any byproduct of animal, plant, or industrial processing that contains nutrients is potentially useful as an animal feed. The nutrient content and any other potential limitations must be known in order to incorporate the byproduct into nutritionally balanced animal diets. Byproducts that are high in energy and protein may allow the product's incorporation into the diets of highly productive animals. Other, primarily roughage byproducts may merit only limited use in maintenance diets. Cost, availability, and handling are other considerations when evaluating the potential use of byproducts in animal diets.     

菜籽粕可替代含可溶物酒糟饲喂泌乳奶牛

试验旨在确定饲喂含菜籽粕作蛋白质添加物替代全部或部分含可溶物酒糟日粮的反应。试验采用4×4拉丁方设计,12头泌乳荷斯坦奶牛(4头初产、8头经产),试验期4周,在第3和第4周收集数据。配合日粮时,添加菜籽粕100%、66%、33%、0分别替代相应数量的玉米酒糟可溶物(DDGS)。所有日粮含饲草55%(其中玉米青贮50%、苜蓿干草50%)、精料45%,平均含粗蛋白15.1%、乙醚抽提物4.5%。试验结果表明,所有日粮的干物质采食量(25.4kg·d-1)相似。所有日粮的产奶量相似,添加菜籽粕100%、66%、33%、0日粮的产奶量分别为35.2、35.8、34.5、34.3kg·d-1,但菜籽粕含量高的日粮产奶量较高。所有日粮乳蛋白率(3.04%)、乳脂率(3.92%)和乳脂量(1.37kg·d-1)相似,而乳蛋白量则随着日粮中菜籽粕含量的增加而提高,100%、66%、33%、0菜籽粕日粮分别为1.08、1.10、1.05、1.03kg·d-1。所有日粮的饲料转化率相似,每千克干物质采食量含能量校正乳1.46kg。饲喂菜籽粕或DDGS时,赖氨酸是乳蛋白合成的第一限制性氨基酸,而菜籽粕和DDGS同时饲喂时,蛋氨酸为第一限制性氨基酸。所有日粮的瘤胃内容物氨和挥发性脂肪酸浓度相似。试验结果表明,在奶牛日粮中,菜籽粕是DDGS的一种适宜替代物。     

DDGS和酵母培养物对奶牛生产性能和乳成分的影响

选择16头泌乳天数为127±52d经产荷斯坦泌乳牛用于评价酵母培养物(达农威益康XP)和玉米酒糟及其可溶物(DDGS)在试验日粮中含有限草料纤维数量(草料中的中性洗涤纤维含量为19.3%,干物质基础)之情况下对产奶量和乳成分的影响及其它们之间的互作效应。本次试验采用4重复4×4拉丁方设计,试验时间为4个星期。处理组均按照2×2因子排列而设定,其中:1)日粮中不含酵母培养物和DDGS(对照组);2)日粮中含有20%DDGS,无酵母培养物(DDGS组);3)日粮中含有60g/d的酵母培养物益康XP(XP组);4)日粮中含有20%DDGS和60g/d的益康XP(XP+DDGS组)。本次试验结果表明:各处理组之间对奶牛体重和体况评分无显著的影响。日粮的处理并不影响干物质采食量(DMI),在使用草料纤维含量较低且添加20%DDGS的日粮情况下乳脂率会降低。添加益康XP的确能够提高产奶量及乳蛋白产量,但却不能够完全阻止因DDGS所造成的乳脂率下降的趋势。无论日粮中是否含有DDGS,益康XP都能够提高奶牛的生产性能。     

Dietary grain source and oil supplement: Feeding behavior and lactational performance of Holstein cows

Effects of grain source and dietary oil supplement on dry matter intake (DMI), feeding, chewing behavior, and production performance of lactating dairy cows were evaluated using eight multiparous Holstein cows (77±22.1 days in milk; mean±SD) in a duplicated 4×4 Latin square design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Experimental diets contained either ground barley or ground corn supplemented with either fish oil or soybean oil at 2% of dietary dry matter (DM). Geometric mean particle size of dietary treatments was 4.1 mm. Dry matter intake tended (P=0.09) to be greater for barley- vs. corn-based diets (23.2 vs. 22.3 kg/d), but was reduced for the fish oil compared to soybean oil supplemented diets (21.1 vs. 24.3 kg/d; P<0.001). This reduction in DMI was attributed to smaller meal size (1.24 vs. 1.55 kg of DM; P=0.004) and slower eating rate (0.082 vs. 0.098 kg of DM/min; P<0.001) for fish oil compared to soybean oil supplemented diets. Main treatment effects interacted (P=0.005) for DMI of particles retained on 19 mm sieve but not for sorting index. Eating rate (0.090 kg of DM/min) was similar between barley- and corn-based diets, however, rumination time was greater for barley- compared to corn-based diets as result of longer rumination bout duration (32.5 vs. 28.5 min/bout; P=0.01). Barley- compared to corn-based diets increased total chewing time by 71 min (709 vs. 638 min) for cows fed fish oil, but not for cows fed soybean oil. Grain source did not affect milk yield or milk composition. Compared to soybean oil, fish oil negatively affected milk yield (40.4 vs. 43.4 kg/d; P=0.01), and thereby, both milk fat (0.91 vs. 1.26 kg/d; P<0.001) and protein (1.23 vs. 1.33 kg/d; P=0.007) production. However, feed efficiency (milk yield/DMI) was greater in fish oil compared to soybean oil supplemented diets (1.94 vs. 1.80; P=0.003). Results indicated that grain source and oil supplement can interact to affect feeding and chewing behavior, but not lactational performance of lactating cows.