Micro-scaled high-throughput digestion of plant tissue samples for multi-elemental analysis

Background  

Quantitative multi-elemental analysis by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry depends on a complete digestion of solid samples. However, fast and thorough sample digestion is a challenging analytical task which constitutes a bottleneck in modern multi-elemental analysis. Additional obstacles may be that sample quantities are limited and elemental concentrations low. In such cases, digestion in small volumes with minimum dilution and contamination is required in order to obtain high accuracy data.     

Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against avian reovirus S1133 protein sigmaA synthesized in Escherichia coli

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were prepared against avian reovirus S1133 protein sigmaA (esigmaA) synthesized in Escherichia coli. MAbs were characterized and used to develop a diagnostic test. Ten MAbs were selected for competitive binding assay following coupling with horseradish peroxidase. The results indicated that these MAbs delineated two epitopes I and II of esigmaA. An immuno-dot binding assay was used to detect the effect of denaturation on antibody recognition of the epitopes. All MAbs bound to esigmaA in its native form. After denaturation by boiling in SDS and 2-mercaptoethanol, the binding of MAbs recognizing epitope I was fully abolished. However, the reactivity of MAbs recognizing epitope II was not affected. MAbs 31 and 32, recognizing epitopes I and II, respectively, were selected for the cross-reactivity to heterologous reovirus strains. The results suggest that the two epitopes are highly conserved among these virus strains. A MAb capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure was developed using MAbs 32 and 31 to detect reovirus protein sigmaA in samples from tendon tissues of infected bird and chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cell cultures. Avian reovirus sigmaA antigens in tendon specimens were detected from the inoculated birds as early as 2 days post-inoculation (PI), approximated a peak at 7 days PI, and maintained this until 16 days PI, then decreased gradually. A clear difference in absorbance values between the tendon samples of the avian reovirus- and mock-infected birds is obtained. Positive results were also obtained from avian reovirus-infected CEF and from the tendon tissues of naturally infected broilers. These results indicated that the MAb capture ELISA is a useful methods for the detection of avian reovirus from chickens suspected to have avian reovirus infections.     

大兴安岭林区森林抚育工程系统输出特性和转化特性的研究

为提高大兴安岭林区森林抚育工程作业质量和工程成效,采用系统工程的分析方法,根据大兴安岭林区生态环境、功能和林木的结构特点,对大兴安岭林区最主要的三种抚育类型(透光抚育、生长伐抚育、生态疏伐抚育)的直接输出特性、长效输出特性和转化特性进行了详细分析。在此基础上,利用运行控制和统计学理论,通过调整输出特性偏移量、输出特性标准偏差和输出特性公差要求,提高工程能力,进而优化输出特性,最终实现提高工程作业质量和工程成效的目的。对输出特性和转化特性的分析研究,为大兴安岭林区森林抚育工程技术要求标准的产出提供基础和支撑。     

中国良种推广补贴政策实践及启示

中国加入WTO以来,中国良种补贴政策开始逐步实施。补贴的品种、范围和规模不断扩大,其成效也越来越明显。笔者认为:良种补贴已成为中国农业补贴的重要内容,是一项重要的支农惠民政策。良种补贴符合农业科技发展的实际,有效地推动了科技贡献率的提高,已成为一项提升粮食综合生产能力的重大发展政策。     

Fiber Types Distribution in the Digastric Muscle of Tufted Capuchin Monkey (Cebus apella)

Fiber types distribution in the diagastric muscle of tufted capuchin monkey was studied by means of NADH-TR, myosin-ATPase, after alkaline and acid preincubations and SDH histochemical reactions. Three different types of fibers were found presenting an equal distribution. The percentage and types of fibers were as follow: 18.2 % SO (Slow Oxydative), 38.4 % FOG (Fast Oxydative Glycolytic) and 43.4 % FG (Fast Glycolytic). FG fibers revealed the largest area. The relatively high concentration of fast twitch (81.2 %) seems to indicate this muscle is involved with the acceleration and fast speed of jaw movements. Aerobic metabolism represented by SO + FOG fibers (56.6 %) suggestes that this muscle possesses an additional role than that related to the lowering of the jaw.     

添加木质素和生物炭对土壤氮、磷养分及水分损失的影响

研究添加木质素和生物炭对土壤氮、磷养分及水分损失的影响,降低土壤改良剂使用成本,增加造纸黑液中木质素的利用途径,促进木质素在土壤改良中的应用。试验选取生物炭改良剂与木质素作为对比,通过土柱淋溶和静态吸收法,研究不同添加量(质量分数为0,1%,2%,4%)的木质素和生物炭对土壤氮磷养分、水分、脲酶活性以及pH的影响。土壤中添加木质素和生物炭均能减缓pH变化程度;抑制土壤脲酶的活性,且在添加氮肥后的1～20天抑制效果明显,其抑制效果与添加量呈正相关。添加量为1%,2%,4%的木质素和生物炭与对照组相比,铵态氮挥发量分别显著减少8.29%,14.29%,14.86%和3.79%,11.65%,15.26%;全氮淋溶量分别显著减少32.37%,37.70%,42.49%和25.43%,30.70%,39.54%;全磷淋溶量分别显著减少23.68%,40.48%,48.12%和6.97%,22.88%,35.30%;水分淋溶量分别显著减少7.71%,15.82%,9.29%和9.91%,15.00%,16.06%。在本试验中,木质素、生物炭质量分数分别为2%和4%时对降低土壤氮、磷养分和水分损失的效果最佳。因此,可以说明木质素和生物炭在水肥保持上的效果相近,在一定程度上可以替代生物炭改良剂在土壤中的应用。     

杜仲叶多糖、杜仲精粉、杜仲胶的提取分离及其性能分析

为实现杜仲叶中生物活性成分和杜仲胶的高效提取分离,采用连续热水浸提、碱提取、酶水解和石油醚提取杜仲叶,分别得到了杜仲精粉、杜仲多糖(水溶性多糖和碱提多糖)及杜仲胶。考察了料液比和温度对活性成分提取得率的影响,探讨了酶解时间和酶种类对杜仲叶残渣水解的影响,最后对杜仲精粉、水溶性多糖和碱提多糖的铁离子还原能力和DPPH自由基(DPPH·)清除活性进行了测定,并对杜仲胶相对分子质量进行了测定。研究结果表明:料液比为1∶10(g∶mL),温度为80℃时,总黄酮和绿原酸的提取得率最大分别为50.08和6.83 mg/g。杜仲水溶性多糖、碱提多糖、杜仲精粉均具有较好的抗氧化能力,其中杜仲精粉抗氧化活性最高, 5 g/L时杜仲精粉的铁离子还原能力为4.01 mmol/L, 300 mg/L时DPPH·的清除率为94.46%,与Vc相当。杜仲叶水提残渣酶解48 h时,葡聚糖和木聚糖水解率最大,分别为86.77%和15.62%。杜仲叶中水溶性多糖的得率为13.2%,杜仲胶得率为1.86%,碱提多糖得率为9.8%,杜仲精粉得率为8.0%。杜仲胶的M_w和M_n分别为330 398和84 526,远大于水溶性多糖和碱提多糖的相对分子质量,但相对分子质量分布指数为3.91,分散程度明显低于杜仲多糖。     

Penaeus monodon larvae can be protected from Vibrio harveyi infection by pre‐emptive treatment of a rearing system with antagonistic or non‐antagonistic bacterial probiotics

This study shows that the disease resistance and survival rate of Penaeus monodon in a larval rearing systems can be enhanced by supplementing with antagonistic or non‐antagonistic probiotics. The antagonistic mode of action of Pseudomonas MCCB 102 and MCCB 103 against vibrios was demonstrated in larval mesocosm with cultures having sufficient concentration of antagonistic compounds in their culture supernatant. Investigations on the antagonistic properties of Bacillus MCCB 101, Pseudomonas MCCB 102 and MCCB 103 and Arthrobacter MCCB 104 against Vibrio harveyi MCCB 111 under in vitro conditions revealed that Pseudomonas MCCB 102 and MCCB 103 were inhibitory to the pathogen. These inhibitory properties were further confirmed in the larval rearing systems of P. monodon. All these four probionts significantly improved larval survival in long‐term treatments as well as when challenged with a pathogenic strain of V. harveyi MCCB 111. We could demonstrate that Pseudomonas MCCB 102 and MCCB 103 accorded disease resistance and a higher survival rate in P. monodon larval rearing systems through active antagonism of vibrios, whereas Bacillus MCCB 101 and Arthrobacter MCCB 104 functioned as probiotics through immunostimulatory and digestive enzyme‐supporting modes of action.