微管、微丝特异性抑制剂处理对水稻抗病性的影响

 微管特异性抑制剂oryzalin、微丝特异性抑制剂细胞松弛素A (cytochalasin A,CA)和细胞松弛素D (cytochalasin D,CD)的试验表明:oryzalin在5~50μmol/L、CA在0.5~1.0μg/mL、CD在1~20μg/mL的浓度范围内,对稻瘟病菌孢子的萌发和附着胞的形成基本上没有影响。采用以上几种细胞骨架特异性抑制剂处理水稻叶鞘都可以不同程度地抑制寄主细胞抗病菌扩展的能力。在抑制剂处理的水稻叶鞘细胞中,病菌扩展的速度加快。进一步的观察发现,抑制剂处理抑制水稻细胞抗病菌的扩展能力与水稻的抗病防卫反应如原生质颗粒化、多酚类物质的积累和HR发生的延迟是相关的。     

Ergovaline does not alter the severity of ryegrass staggers induced by lolitrem B

AIM: To investigate a possible interaction between lolitrem B and ergovaline by comparing the incidence and severity of ryegrass staggers in sheep grazing ryegrass (Lolium perenne) containing lolitrem B or ryegrass containing both lolitrem B and ergovaline.

METHODS: Ninety lambs, aged approximately 6 months, were grazed on plots of perennial ryegrass infected with either AR98 endophyte (containing lolitrem B), standard endophyte (containing lolitrem B and ergovaline) or no endophyte, for up to 42 days from 2 February 2010. Ten lambs were grazed on three replicate plots per cultivar. Herbage samples were collected for alkaloid analysis and lambs were scored for ryegrass staggers (scores from 0–5) weekly during the study. Any animal which was scored ≥4 was removed from the study.

RESULTS: Concentrations of lolitrem B did not differ between AR98 and standard endophyte-infected pastures during the study period (p=0.26), and ergovaline was present only in standard endophyte pastures. Ryegrass staggers was observed in sheep grazing both the AR98 and standard endophyte plots, with median scores increasing in the third week of the study. Prior to the end of the 42-day grazing period, 22 and 17 animals were removed from the standard endophyte and AR98 plots, respectively, because their staggers scores were ≥4. The cumulative probability of lambs having scores ≥4 did not differ between animals grazing the two pasture types (p=0.41).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There was no evidence for ergovaline increasing the severity of ryegrass staggers induced by lolitrem B. In situations where the severity of ryegrass staggers appears to be greater than that predicted on the basis of concentrations of lolitrem B, the presence of other tremorgenic alkaloids should be investigated.     

Akabane disease in sheep

Perinatal lamb mortality, associated with malformations of the CNS due to Akabane viral infection, occurred in 4 of 9 flocks of ewes lambing on 3 farms between 26 May and 14 November, 1976. Cases were restricted to ewes conceiving prior to the second week of March and lambing between 26 May and 19 July. As judged by seroconversion in sentinel flocks on 2 of the farms, field infection with Akabane virus occurred mainly between mid-February and mid-April. Malformations of the CNS occurred in 42.5%, 51.2%, 100% and 31.0% of the dead lambs examined in the affected flocks respectively. Prevalence in the 4 affected flocks, expressed as the proportion of ewes lambing which delivered at least one malformed foetus, was 6.1%, 8.4%, 88.9% and 5.7% respectively. Lamb mortality due to malformations of the CNS was 7.1%, 5.5%, 92.3% and 5.7% of lambs born. Age-specific prevalence was calculated for 3 of the 4 flocks and 2-year-old ewes accounted for 71.4% and 76.9% of total cases respectively in 2 flocks, whereas in one flock malformations occurred at equivalent frequencies throughout several older age groups. Birthweights of affected lambs were usually significantly lighter than those of unaffected lambs of similar sex and birth-type, and their mean duration of gestation was slightly, and significantly, prolonged. Micrencephaly (88.1% of cases) and hydrocephalus (68.7% of cases) were the outstanding pathological features of the malformations with hydranencephaly, microgyria, porencephaly and attenuation of the spinal cord occurring at much lower frequencies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

水稻受稻瘟病菌侵染后过氧化物酶定位的超微观察

 利用联苯胺蓝（3，3'-diaminobenzidine, DAB）染色法原位检测了水稻 稻瘟病菌互作过程中H2O2和过氧化物酶被诱导产生和积累的过程。结果表明在病原菌接种后，水稻叶鞘内表皮细胞在伤口、气孔保卫细胞及病菌侵染点等3种情况下可以检测到染色反应。在水稻-稻瘟病菌非亲和性互作中，H2O2产生和过氧化物酶活性上升快，并逐渐积累到较高的水平；而在亲和性互作反应中，H2O2产生和过氧化物酶活性上升被延迟，积累水平较低。超微结构研究表明，在非亲和性互作反应中，过氧化物酶主要定位于被侵染寄主细胞的细胞壁、细胞质、细胞膜、侵染菌丝周围及由膜系统构成的囊泡膜上；而在亲和性互作反应中，早期（接种后16 h）几乎难以观察到过氧化物酶的聚集，后期（接种后30 h）过氧化物酶聚集增多，但仍明显低于非亲和性互作反应。