An Analysis of Urban Size and Territorial Location Effects on Employment Probabilities: The Spanish Case

The probability of being employed varies depending on several factors. Many of these are related to personal characteristics such as educational level, age, gender, or number and age of children. Nevertheless, other factors may be relevant, in particular the geographical environment. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the relevance of urban size and the position of each territory (in terms of its distance from large metropolises) for the probability of being employed in the Spanish economy. Following the set of economic regions suggested by Polése, Shearmur and Rubiera (2007 ), we try to explain the spatial patterns of employment distribution. Our results show some relevant differences between these alternative economic areas. We find that municipalities with similar sizes and located at a similar distance from a metropolis but belonging to different Autonomous Communities or provinces share similar employability patterns.     

Characterization of Humic Acids in Mountainous Meadow Soils and Burozems of the Crimea Using 13C-NMR

Eurasian Soil Science - A comparative analysis of organic matter in the mountainous soils under the main plant communities of the Crimea was performed. The humus state of burozems and mountainous...     

The Impact of Artificial Forest Plantations on Mountain-Meadow Soils of Crimea

A significant change in the properties of mountainous meadow soils of the Ai-Petri Plateau has taken place under the impact of artificial plantations of pine, birch, and larch created in the Crimean highlands in the middle of the 20th century. In comparison with the soils under meadow vegetation, the soils under forest vegetation are characterized by an increased content of large aggregates, a decrease in the humus content, and an increase in the soil acidity and in the iron content of the organomineral compounds. The most dramatic changes in the structural state of the soils are observed under the plantations of pine. The changes in the acidity and the iron content are most pronounced under larch stands. The decrease in the humus content is observed under all tree species. Thus, in the soil layer of 0–10 cm under pine, birch, and larch stands, the content of C_org is 1.2, 1.3, and 1.4 times lower, respectively, than that in the soil under meadow vegetation.     

Scanning study of the optical parameters of sandy soddy-steppe soil samples from the southern Ukraine

It was shown that an office scanner can be used for the acquisition of digital images of soil samples and their analysis using the RGB color system. The content and optical density of the humic acids were the main factors determining the color intensity of sandy soils. With all the other factors being constant, the increase in the content of clay particles resulted in a decrease in the color intensity of the sandy soils, whereas a decrease in the content of the coarse sand increased the color intensity. The content of mobile iron had the least significant effect on the color of the sandy soils.