Production of Lambs After the Transfer of Fresh and Cryopreserved in vitro Produced Embryos from Prepubertal Lamb Oocytes and Unsorted and Sex-sorted Frozen-thawed Spermatozoa

Cumulus-oocyte complexes from hormone-stimulated 3-4-week-old (n=43) and 6-7-week-old (n=12) prepubertal lambs were matured in vitro and incubated with unsorted, or X- or Y-spermatozoa separated with a high-speed cell sorter (SX MoFlo)frozen-thawed. Presumptive zygotes were then cultured to the blastocyst stage, and transferred to recipients fresh or after cryopreservation (frozen). Oocyte cleavage was higher (p <0.05) with unsorted (515/926, 55.6%) than X- or Y-spermatozoa (261/672, 38.8% and 229/651, 35.2%, respectively) and blastocyst formation (% zygotes) by Day 9 of in vitro culture was lower (p <0.05) for X- (102/261, 39.1%) than unsorted spermatozoa (249/515, 48.3%), but did not differ between Y-spermatozoa (103/229, 45.0%) and unsorted spermatozoa, or between X- and Y-spermatozoa (p >0.05). For fresh embryos, survival to term was 50.0% (3/6) for unsorted, 0.0% (0/6) for X- and 16.7% (1/6) for Y-spermatozoa-derived embryos (p >0.05), and for frozen embryos was 4.0% (2/50) for unsorted, 9.1% (2/22) for X- and 2.9% (1/34) Y-spermatozoa-derived embryos (p >0.05). Of the two lambs born from X-spermatozoa-derived embryos, one was female (50%), and from the two Y-spermatozoa-derived lambs, both were male (100%), demonstrating that lambs can be produced after the transfer of fresh and cryopreserved IVP embryos derived from prepubertal lamb oocytes and frozen-thawed sex-sorted sperm.     

Seismic data from man-made impacts on the moon

Unusually long reverberations were recorded from two lunar impacts by a seismic station installed on the lunar surface by the Apollo 12 astronauts. Seismic data from these impacts suggest that the lunar mare in the region of the Apollo 12 landing site consists of material with very low seismic velocities near the surface, with velocity increasing with depth to 5 to 6 kilometers per second (for compressional waves) at a depth of 20 kilometers. Absorption of seismic waves in this structure is extremely low relative to typical continental crustal materials on earth. It is unlikely that a major boundary similar to the crustmantle interface on earth exists in the outer 20 kilometers of the moon. A combination of dispersion and scattering of surface waves probably explains the lunar seismic reverberation. Scattering of these waves implies the presence of heterogeneity within the outer zone of the mare on a scale of from several hundred meters (or less) to several kilometers. Seismic signals from 160 events of natural origin have been recorded during the first 7 months of operation of the Apollo 12 seismic station. At least 26 of the natural events are small moonquakes. Many of the natural events are thought to be meteoroid impacts.     

百菌清在番茄上的自然消解动态及健康风险研究

试验设喷施百菌清推荐剂量(2 400g/hm2,T1)、加倍剂量(4 800g/hm2,T2)、喷清水(对照)3个处理。探讨蔬菜上百菌清残留量的安全性,开展番茄中百菌清残留的消解规律试验。结果表明,百菌清在番茄上的自然消解速度随施药剂量的增大而减慢。喷药后24h内消解最快,T1处理和T2处理施药后1d的消解率分别为60.22%和27.58%,7d的消解率达91.72%和46.67%,其半衰期分别为4.3d和18.0d。按推荐剂量施药1d后采摘,番茄中百菌清残留量为0.370mg/kg,符合国家相关标准的规定;从人体健康风险角度分析,如果按规范施药,百菌清在番茄上施用安全,产品食用无健康风险。     

Seismic and bathymetric evidence of a fracture zone on gorda ridge

Swarms of seaquakes have been located hydroacoustically on Gorda Ridge near 41.5 degrees N, 127.6 degrees W, where detailed bathymetric charts indicate a slight dextral offset of the rift valley in the center of the ridge. It is suggested that a fracture zone may be nascent in the area.     

Moonquakes

Although the average rate of seismic energy release within the moon appears to be far below that of the earth, over 100 events believed to be moonquakes have been recorded by the two seismic stations installed on the lunar surface during Apollo missions 12 and 14. With few exceptions, the moonquakes occur at monthly intervals near times of perigee and apogee and show correlations with the longer-term (7-month) lunar gravity variations. The repeating moonquakes are believed to occur at not less than 10 different locations. However, a single focal zone accounts for 80 percent of the total seismic energy detected. This active zone appears to be 600 kilometers south-southwest of the Apollo 12 and 14 sites and deep within the moon. Each focal zone must be small (less than 10 kilometers in linear dimension) and fixed in location over a 14-month period. Cumulative strain at each location is inferred. Thus, the moonquakes appear to be releasing internal strain of unknown origin, the release being triggered by tidal stresses.     

The viking seismic experiment

A three-axis short-period seismometer is now operating on Mars in the Utopia Planitia region. The noise background correlates well with wind gusts. Although no quakes have been detected in the first 60 days of observation, it is premature to draw any conclusions about the seismicity of Mars. The instrument is expected to return data for at least 2 years.     

小麦骨干亲本生选6号的赤霉病抗性遗传分析

为研究生选6号对黄淮麦区小麦赤霉病抗性改良效果,以黄淮麦区矮抗58、周麦25、周麦27、兰考161等4个主栽品种(系)为母本,以生选6号为父本,配制杂交组合,分别在长江中下游地区(上海崇明、安徽滁州)和黄淮地区(河南兰考)对4个组合F2群体进行赤霉病抗性鉴定。结果表明,4个组合的F2群体赤霉病抗性较感病亲本均显著提高,平均病小穗率在18.4%~31.2%之间,均达到中抗水平。4个群体的个体抗性级别主要集中在抗病和中抗,平均约占80%;而中感、感病和高感很少,平均占比20%左右。矮抗58/生选6号F2群体在滁州和兰考两个不同生态区域的抗性差异显著,虽然两地均达中抗水平,但滁州点抗性明显优于兰考点。主要表现为兰考点高感单株数是滁州点的7.4倍,中抗单株数却不到滁州点的1/2。同时,兰考点抗感比为65∶35,而滁州点为89∶19,这种现象应该与当年两地气候差异有关,可能黄淮冬麦区当年气候更适合赤霉病发病,也与长江中下游品种大多中抗以上而黄淮品种大多为高感品种的事实相一致。此外,抗性单株从F2到F3,发生了接近3∶1的抗感分离,F3抗性单株的平均病小穗率为20.2%,仍保持较强赤霉病抗性。上述结果表明,生选6号可以作为骨干亲本,广泛用于黄淮冬麦区小麦赤霉病抗性的改良。     

Lunar crust: structure and composition

Lunar seismic data from artificial impacts recorded at three Apollo seismometers are interpreted to determine the structure of the moon's interior to a depth of about 100 kilomneters. In the Fra Mauro region of Oceanus Procellarum, the moon has a layered crust 65 kilometers thick. The seismic velocities in the upper 25 kilometers are consistent with those in lunar basalts. Between 25 and 65 kilometers, the nearly constant velocity (6.8 kilometers per second) corresponds to velocities in gabbroic and anorthositic rocks. The apparent velocity is high (about 9 kilometers per second) in the lunar mantle immediately below the crust.     

Passive seismic experiment

Seismometer operation for 21 days at Tranquillity Base revealed, among strong signals produced by the Apollo 11 lunar module descent stage, a small proportion of probable natural seismic signals. The latter are long-duration, emergent oscillations which lack the discrete phases and coherence of earthquake signals. From similarity with the impact signal of the Apollo 12 ascent stage, they are thought to be produced by meteoroid impacts or shallow moonquakes. This signal character may imply transmission with high Q and intense wave scattering, conditions which are mutually exclusive on earth. Natural background noise is very much smaller than on earth, and lunar tectonism may be very low.     

钙调素与核酸在梨花芽分化中的动态研究

以梨为试格,对成花过程中ＣａＭ和核酸的含量进行了分析测定,结果表明;短枝芽的ＣａＭ含量在成花的发端期成倍增加形成高峰,而新梢芽却一直保持较低的水平;短果枝叶的ＣａＭ与新梢叶有着相近的变化趋势。但在成花前后,短果枝叶的ＣａＭ含量要明显高于新梢叶的,短枝芽所含核酸,尤其是ＲＮＡ开始回升时与ＣａＭ的峰值相吻合,并且在整个成花期间都呈上升的趋势。