Variability in concentrations of zinc in serum and feed when using zinc oxide as a supplement for the prevention of facial eczema

AIMS: To determine the variability of concentrations of Zn in feed, when used as a supplement to prevent facial eczema, and to determine the variability in concentrations of Zn in serum between cows and herds that are being supplemented with ZnO in feed, using in-shed feeders or on a feed pad.

METHODS: Sixteen commercial dairy farms in the Waikato region of New Zealand were enrolled, that were supplementing cows with ZnO in the feed using either an automatic in-shed feeder (ASF) or a feed pad (FP) using a feed-out or mixer wagon. On each farm 10 cows were selected by the farmer, that were assumed to be representative of the age and liveweight of the herd. Four hours after supplement feeding, each cow was weighed and a blood sample collected for measurement of concentrations of Zn in serum. Three samples of feed were collected from each farm for Zn analysis, from the beginning, middle and end of the feed being distributed. Levene’s test for homoscedasticity was used to analyse whether there were differences in variation of individual concentrations of Zn in serum, and in the feed, between the two feeding systems. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine associations between age, feeding method or liveweight and concentrations of Zn in serum, after accounting for the variability between farms.

RESULTS: Of the 163 cows sampled, concentrations of Zn in serum were between 20–35?µmol/L in 75/163 (46 (95% CI=38–54)%) cows; were <20?µmol/L in 71/163 (44 (95% CI=36–52)%) cows, and >35?µmol/L in 17/163 (10 (95% CI=6–16)%) cows. The variation in concentrations of Zn in serum in individual cows differed between farms (p<0.001), and the variability was greater for cows fed using a FP than ASF (p<0.001). There was no difference in the variation of concentrations of Zn in feed between the two feeding methods (p=0.54), but concentrations of Zn in serum were associated with the amount of Zn offered in feed (p=0.008).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICIAL RELEVENCE: There was significant variability between farms in the concentrations of Zn in the serum of cows being supplemented with ZnO in feed. Only 46% of cows sampled had concentrations of Zn between 20–35?µmol/L. Effective management of facial eczema should include monitoring Zn in the feed and in serum to ensure cows are receiving the correct dose they require.     

牧草新品种黔草1号高羊茅的选育

黔草1号高羊茅是利用贵州地方野生资源作亲本,采用改良混合选择法,经10余年的选育研究育成的新品种。该品种抗逆性强、适应性广、坪用性好、耐践踏、持续性好、绿期长,返青期比引进品种凌志提前7 d,枯黄期晚3 d;种子成熟期集中,种子平均产量比对照品种高20%以上。适应我国长江中下游低山、丘陵等地区种植,是运动场草坪、环境绿化、生态治理的优良草种。     

吉农糯系列玉米自交系遗传基础

为进一步明确吉农糯系列玉米自交系遗传背景,研究选取吉农糯系列等15份糯玉米自交系,采用基于多重PCR技术的1K SNP进行基因分型。结果表明,15份自交系分为4个类群,吉农糯鲜食母本群×垦粘1母本衍生群和吉农糯加工型母本群×垦粘1母本衍生群是吉农糯系列品种应用的主要杂种优势模式,研究结果可为吉农糯系列品种选育提供理论支撑。      

广东葡萄一年两收设施避雨栽培模式主要病虫害与防治关键期

【目的】全面了解广东葡萄一年两收设施避雨生产模式主要病虫害的发生情况,明确其防治关键物候期。【方法】在 2016—2019 年进行走访式和常规式调查按治早治小的原则,根据主要病虫害发生动态、相对应的葡萄物候期和防治实践确定防治关键期。【结果】在设施避雨模式下,广东一年两收葡萄病害发生最严重的是白粉病,其次是溃疡病、霜霉病、穗轴褐枯病、灰霉病、日灼病、气灼病、毛毡病等;虫害发生最严重的是蓟马,主要物种是茶黄蓟马、烟蓟马、棕榈蓟马,其次是二斑叶螨、斜纹夜蛾、中喙丽金龟、缺节瘿螨等。与露地栽培的主要病虫害有较大差异。防治关键期重点在休眠期（修剪清园期）、开花前期、幼果期、果实膨大期、果实转色期、果实成熟期。【结论】广东葡萄一年两收设施避雨模式主要病虫害种类不同于露地栽培,具有易重叠发生、危害期较长、多种病虫害出现两个甚至多个发生高峰期、同一病虫害更易爆发等特点。应对广东一年两收设施葡萄病虫害应当有针对性抓关键期防治,重点做好休眠期清园,消灭病虫源,结合花期果期等防治关键期开展有针对性的病虫害防治。     

木材磁控溅射镀膜金属试验

通过对木材进行封闭处理,在木材表面进行真空磁控溅射镀膜金属试验,在保持木材本身天然特性的同时,使其具有抗电磁辐射功能。对桐木胶合板进行单侧面和双侧面镀铜、铝膜试验,测试其电磁屏蔽效能。结果表明:三聚氰胺甲醛树脂与硅烷偶联剂混合物质对木材进行封闭,真空室的真空度10-2~10-4MPa,靶材温度为200℃,溅射时间为90s的工艺参数理想,获得的薄膜厚度为30μm,木材表层镀铜或是镀铝,双侧镀还是单侧镀,在30MHz~1.5GHZ频段之间,电磁屏蔽效能都能达到30dB以上,满足电磁屏蔽要求。双侧面的效果大于单侧面的效果,镀铜的效果大于镀铝的效果。     

木槿上棉蚜及其捕食性天敌群落动态研究

对木槿上棉蚜及其捕食性天敌群落动态进行了研究。结果表明 :天敌群落主要由瓢虫类、食蚜蝇和蜘蛛类构成 ,物种丰富度较稳定 ,多样性呈先上升后下降趋势。瓢虫类主要分布于木槿中部和上部 ,食蚜蝇和蜘蛛类主要分布于木槿中部和下部。棉蚜的时间和空间生态位宽度均较大 ,表明棉蚜种群数量在时间维和空间维上的分布比较均匀。捕食性天敌中 ,龟纹瓢虫的时间×空间生态位宽度最大 ,表明其发生期较长、活动范围较广。与棉蚜的时间×空间生态位重叠度 ,龟纹瓢虫最大 ,其次为食蚜蝇 ,表明这 2种天敌对棉蚜的跟随作用较强。采用灰色关联分析法研究了各种捕食性天敌对棉蚜种群的影响程度 ,结果表明 :龟纹瓢虫 >异色瓢虫 >七星瓢虫 >食蚜蝇 >蜘蛛类     

真菌侵染对泡桐材微观结构及主要组分的影响

进行了变色真菌对泡桐木材微观构造及主要组分的影响研究,作了链格孢菌（Alternaria alternata)侵染泡桐木材试验,检测了真菌对泡桐木材的侵染状况,并确定了真菌侵蚀泡桐木材的主要部位,测试了泡桐木材在真菌作用下的成分变化,阐明了真菌导致泡桐木材发生变色的物理化学过程。     

甘蔗异背长蝽生物学的观察

甘蔗异背长蝽是甘蔗的重要害虫,在江西泰和县一年发生完整的二代,部分三代,主要以卵在蔗蔸、土表层、枯鞘残茎和蔗种叶鞘内越冬,尚有少部分成虫在宿根蔗蔸和枯鞘叶中过冬。全年有两个为害严重期,第一次在五六月甘蔗苗期,第二次在八九月甘蔗伸长期。一代若虫孵化较整齐,且低龄若虫集中在心叶内吸食,是药剂防治的关键时期。成虫多群集在蔗株下部枯鞘与蔗茎间隙内栖息、取食和交配。卵成块产于叶鞘边缘内侧,以叶鞘抱茎松紧度适中的叶位分布最多,二代成虫9月间产的卵,当年可以孵化并发育为三代成虫越冬;10月初以后产的卵,当年不再孵化而滞育越冬。     

陆地棉脱水素基因GhDHN1启动子序列分析

为了筛选棉花抗逆转基因育种的候选启动子,根据陆地棉脱水素基因GhDHN1的cDNA序列和陆地棉基因组序列,利用生物信息学分析方法,获得棉花陆地棉脱水素基因GhDHN1启动子序列。结果表明,该启动子上多个位点含有启动子的基本元件TATA-box和CAAT-box,并含有非生物逆境胁迫响应元件、响应植物激素顺式作用元件、多种光调控相关的顺式作用元件以及胚乳表达顺式调控元件等。推测GhDHN1基因的启动子受光诱导,同时受低温和干旱胁迫等非生物逆境的诱导,参与棉花的生长发育。