Gossypol toxicity in preruminant calves

SUMMARY Twenty-four of 57 calves fed a diet containing 33% cotton seed meal (CSM) died between 7 and 15 weeks of age. Initial deaths were not accompanied by premonitory signs, but after CSM withdrawal most calves developed rough coats, anorexia, weakness, ascites and subcutaneous oedema. Those that died had large volumes of serous fluid in the body cavities, hard livers of ‘nutmeg’ appearance, and pulmonary congestion. Histopathologically the livers showed periacinar necrosis in acute cases and periacinar fibrosis in chronic cases. Lungs from several calves had oedema, haemosiderosis and fibrosis in some pulmonary vessels. Atrophy of myocardial fibres was present in most cases. The concentration of free gossypol in the diet was 100 to 220 mg/kg. Ante-mortem and post-mortem findings supported a diagnosis of gossypol poisoning. The deaths continued for 4 weeks after withdrawal of CSM from the diet.     

Acute cortisol responses of calves to scoop dehorning using local anaesthesia and/or cautery of the wound

Objective To measure plasma cortisol responses in calves dehorned using a scoop after administration of local anaesthesia and/or cautery of the wounds.
Design A physiological study with controls.
Procedure There were six treatments: control handling with and without local anaesthesia, dehorning, dehorning after local anaesthesia, dehorning followed by wound cautery, and dehorning after local anaesthesia followed by wound cautery. Blood samples were taken before and after dehorning.
Results Dehorning caused an increase in plasma cortisol concentrations, which decreased a little to plateau values and then declined to pretreatment values 3 to 4 h after dehorning. The peak was smaller after local anaesthesia was administered but when its effects wore off, cortisol concentrations increased and thereafter were similar to those in the dehorned animals. The combination of local anaesthesia and cautery resulted in a plasma cortisol response similar to those in control calves with or without local anaesthesia.
Conclusions If plasma cortisol concentrations reflect the distress being experienced by the calves, then local anaesthesia reduces the acute distress for about 3 h after dehorning but not during the subsequent 3 to 4 h. Combining local anaesthetic and cautery prevented the significant increase in plasma cortisol following dehorning and may eliminate the acute distress caused by scoop dehorning.     

Massenauftreten vonChloropisca notata Meig. in Wohnhäusern

Ohne Zusammenfassung (Mit 1 Abbildung.)     

Professor Reh zum 70. Geburtstag

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Common ventricle with separate pulmonary outflow chamber in a horse

On the basis of clinical and laboratory examinations, a ventricular septal defect or a variant of the tetralogy of Fallot was suspected in a 3-year-old filly with a history of poor growth rate and exercise intolerance. The filly was euthanatized and found to have a 3-chambered heart (cor triloculare biatriatum). The heart had 2 normally formed atria and a large common ventricle into which the right and left atrioventricular orifices opened and from which the aorta arose. There was a small separate chamber from which the pulmonary trunk originated. This chamber communicated with the common ventricle through a large oval opening along the dorsal border of the displaced, interventricular septum.     

Kleiderläuse (Pediculus humanus Linnaeus, 1758) (Anoplura) im Soldatenalltag im Ersten Weltkrieg Zum Gedenken an Professor Dr. Albrecht Hase anläßlich seines 100. Geburtstages

A short review on infection of the army by body lice and on the development of lice control in the World War I is given principally regarding the work of late professor Dr.Albrecht Hase, the first military entomologist in Germany. Based on historical documents (postal cards, sentences our of letters, anedotes, drawings) is described, how the soldiers have met with lice and their control.     

Die SattelmückeHaplodiplosis equestris (Wagner, 1871), ein Gersten-und Weizenschädling in Nordost-Bayern in den Jahren 1692 und 1693 (Diptera,Cecidomyiidae)

Zusammenfassung Rote Würmer, die in Chroniken dreier benachbarter Städte Nordostbayerns als Schädlinge an Gersten und Weizen im Jahr 1692/93 beschrieben wurden, werden als Larven der Sattelmücke,Haplodiplosis equestris (Wagner) interpretiert. Feuchter toniger Boden, kaltes feuchtes Wetter und Anwesenheit vonAgropyron repens (L.) P. B. als Reservoir waren die Voraussetzungen für ihre Massenentwicklung, die bei kontinuierlicher gleichbleibender Fruchtfolge zur Vernichtung der ganzen Ernte führten.

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Haplodiplosis equestris (Wagner, 1871) a barley and wheat pest in northeastern Bavaria in the years 1692 and 1693 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae)

Red vermicules described as barley and wheat pests in cronicles of three neighbouring towns in northeastern Bavaria in the end of 17th century are interpreted as larves ofHaplodiplosis equestris (Wagner, 1871). Moist clayish soil, cold damp weather, and presence ofAgropyron repens (L.), P. B. as a reservoir supposed continuous fruit following caused mass development of the populations and destruction of the whole crop.

     

Insekten in Kinderspiel und -erziehung

Insects in childish play and education There is reported on nursery-rhymes on lady-bird and cockchafer, on using beetles or butterflies flattered by aband as play works, holding crickets, katylids, anf cicades in cages, hunting katylids and dragonflies, laters by means of spiderwebs in aring like bound willow twig, and other plays of children in whole the world. The childhood memoirs of some German poets on insects are stimulating to fight against noxious insects, in collecting insects and researching their life, and in hindering from shaking on death insects without reason. Such education is very need for understanding pest control and environment protection actions. Therefore it is an important task for applied entomology.     

DieMacrotermes-Arten Burmas

Summary There are in Burma threeMacrotermes species:M. gilvus malayanus (HAVILAND) probably =azarelii (WASMANN),M. annandalei (SILVESTRI), andM. serrulatus SNYDER with ssp.hopini ROONWAL & SEN — SARMA. The differences of the soldiers are demonstrated.M. serrulatus hopini is a destroyer of wood.

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Resumé Il y a en Burma trois espèces deMacrotermes: M. gilvus malayanus (HAVILAND) probablement = azarelii (WASMANN),M. annandalei (SILVESTRI) etM. serrulatus SNYDER avec ssp.hopini ROONWAL & SEN — SARMA. Les differences des soldats sont montrés.M. serrulatus hopini déstruit le bois d'oeuvre.

     

Termiten aus Kolumbien nach Beobachtungen von German O. Valenzuela und Fritz Schremmer

Zusammenfassung Von den vier besprochenen Termitenarten werdenSyntermes aculeosus Emerson undCornitermes acignathus Silvestri zum ersten Mal aus Kolumbien gemeldet.Comatermes perfectus (Hagen) wird zum ersten Mal als Schädling an Kaffeepflanzen beschrieben, die auf frisch gerodeten Urwaldboden angepflanzt wurden. Der Schaden erstreckt sich auf den Wurzelhals 10–12 cm unter bis 5–7 cm über der Erdoberfläche. Dabei wird die Wurzel zum größten Teil vom Stamm getrennt, der allerdings sekundäre Seitenwurzel bildet.Amitermes foreli Wasmann baut große oberirdische Lehmnester auf der offenen Savanne, die an die Kompaßnester in Australien erinnern. Arbeiter und Soldaten vonS. aculeosus werden von den Indianern gegessen.C. acignathus wurde in einem verrotteten Baumstamm gefunden, scheint aber nicht schädlich zu werden.

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Termites from Colombia observed by German O. Valenzuela and Fritz Schremmer

Comatermes perfectus (Hagen) (Kalotermitidae) is an important pest on living coffee plants in young plantations destroying the root collar.Amitermes foreli Wasmann (Termitidae, Termitinae) build large epigeous mud nests in the open savanna similar to the magnetic or compass nids in northern Australia. The workers and soldiers ofSyntermes aculeosus Emerson (Termitidae, Nasutitermitinae) are eaten by Indians in southern Colombia. This species andCornitermes acignathus Silvestri are the first records from Colombia.

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