Acupuncture for general veterinary practice.

Since the International Society of Veterinary Acupuncture (IVAS) was founded in 1974, acupuncture (AP) has received greater acceptance by veterinary professionals throughout the world. This article introduces some important animal diseases that respond well to AP therapy. These include resuscitation of small animals, treatment of anoestrous gilts and sows, bovine reproductive disease, canine vertebral problems and equine backpain, etc. Conventional medicine considers these to be difficult cases to treat. Veterinarians have become more aware of the benefits of AP especially for those diseases, thanks to the efforts of experienced practitioners and scientists, and the many published reports on veterinary AP that have introduced some good indications for AP therapy in veterinary practice. Possible mechanisms behind the effectiveness of AP are discussed. This article aims to introduce veterinarians to good indications for AP to initiate their interest in the practice of AP. Although this is a rapidly expanding field, a long march must begin with one step. We wish this article to be the shoes for such a march. For more information on veterinary AP, contact IVAS , P.O. Box 1478, Longmont, CO.. 80502, USA (http://www.ivas.org), or your national veterinary acupuncture society (http://www.komvet.at/ ivadkom/vapsocs.htm).     

The effects of stubble burning and tillage on soil carbon sequestration and crop productivity in southeastern Australia

Abstract. In Australia, stubble burning and tillage are two of the major processes responsible for the decline of soil organic carbon concentration in cropped soils, and the resulting soil degradation. However, the relative importance of these two practices in influencing the soil organic carbon concentration and the long-term impact on soil quality and productivity are not clear. The effects of stubble burning as practised by farmers in southeastern Australia were evaluated in two field trials, one of 19 years duration, the other of 5 years. Conventional tillage (three tillage passes) led to greater loss of soil organic carbon than stubble burning. Loss of total soil organic carbon attributed to stubble burning in the 0–10 cm layer was estimated to be 1.75 t C ha⁻¹ over the period of the 19-year trial, equivalent to 29% of that lost due to tillage. In the 5-year trial, no change in soil organic carbon due to stubble burning was detectable. Changes in soil quality associated with stubble burning detected in the longer trial included a reduction in macro-aggregate stability, and increases in pH and exchangeable K⁺. Only the latter two were detected in the shorter trial. A higher mean wheat yield (average 0.15 t ha⁻¹) following stubble burning was observed in the 19-year trial but not in the 5-year trial. Research to monitor the longer term effects of stubble burning is needed, and to identify conditions where loss of soil organic carbon is minimized.     

Effects of mutations in Drosophila nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits on sensitivity to insecticides targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Several strains of Drosophila melanogaster possess mutant alleles in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits, Dα1 and Dβ2 that confer resistance to neonicotinoids such as imidacloprid and nitenpyram, and Dα6, that confers resistance to spinosyns. These mutant strains were bioassayed with a selected set of nAChR active insecticides including neonicotinoids, spinosad, and sulfoxaflor, a new sulfoximine insecticide. All of the neonicotinoids examined, except dinotefuran showed reduced insecticidal efficacy on larvae of the Dα1 mutant, suggesting that this subunit may be important in the action of these insecticides. All of the neonicotinoids, including dinotefuran, showed reduced insecticidal efficacy on larvae possessing the Dβ2 mutation. A similar pattern of broad neonicotinoid resistance to that of Dβ2 alone was also observed for larvae with both the mutations (Dα1 + Dβ2). The Dβ2 mutation exhibited a lower level of cross-resistance to sulfoxaflor (<3-fold) than to any of the neonicotinoids (>13-fold). In contrast, there was no cross-resistance for any of the neonicotinoids or sulfoxaflor in adult flies with the Dα6 mutation, which confers high levels of resistance to spinosad. Thus in the D. melanogaster strains studied, target site resistance observed for the neonicotinoids and the spinosyns does not translate directly to resistance towards sulfoxaflor.     

不同促生长剂对虹鳟生长性能及非特异性免疫机能的影响

研究了不同促生长剂对虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss生长性能及非特异性免疫机能的影响.试验共设5个处理组:A、B组分别在饲料中添加那西肽2 mg/kg和4 mg/kg,c组添加大蒜素15 mg/kg,D组添加黄霉素8 mg/kg,E组为对照组.饲料为膨化饲料,粗蛋白的质量分数为43.05%,粗脂肪为23.02%.每个处理设3个重复,每个重复放80尾鱼,初始体重为(33.78±1.99)g.试验期间,水温为(14.5±2.0)℃,溶氧为(8.9±1.1)mg/L,每天饲喂2次.试验共进行56 d.结果表明:与对照组相比,A、C、D组虹鳟的特定生长率分别提高8.5%、6.9%和8.5%,饵料系数分别降低8.3%、7.5%和2.5%,增重率分别提高13.4%、10.35%和12.62%,鱼体粗蛋白分别提高2.69%、8.58%和2.88%,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);添加不同促生长剂,鱼体肾脏中SOD酶活性和肝脏中溶菌酶活性显著上升(P<0.05),肝脏和血浆中SOD酶活性及鳃组织中溶菌酶活性也有不同程度的提高.说明在饲料中添加2mg/kg那西肽、15mg/kg大蒜素和8 mg/kg黄霉素,可以改善虹鳟的生长性能,提高鱼体的免疫活性.     

Genetic analysis of ORF5 of recent Korean porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSVs) in viremic sera collected from MLV-vaccinating or non-vaccinating farms

The 23 open reading frame (ORF) 5 sequences of Korean type II porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) were collected from viremic sera from the (modified live vaccine) MLV-vaccinating and non-vaccinating farms from 2007 to 2008. The samples were phylogenetically analyzed with previous ORF5 sequences, including type I Korean PRRSV, and previously reported or collected sequences from 1997 to 2008. A MN184-like subgroup of type II Korean PRRSV was newly identified in the viremic sera collected from 2007 to 2008. And of the type I PRRSVs, one subgroup had 87.2~88.9% similarity with the Lelystad virus, showing a close relationship with the 27~2003 strain of Spain. The maximum parsimony tree of type II PRRSV from 1997 to 2008 showed that they had evolved to four lineages, subgroups 1, 2, 3 and 4. Most of the recently collected type II PRRSVs belonged to subgroup 4 (48%). The region of three B-cell epitopes and two T-cell epitopes of ORF5 amino acids sequences was considerably different from the MLV in subgroups 3 and 4. In conclusion, the existence of type I PRRSV, which was genetically different from Lelystad virus (Prototype of type I PRRSV), and heterologous type II PRRSVs of viremic pigs detected even in the MLV-vaccinating farms indicated the need for new vaccine approaches for the control of PRRSV in Korea.     

筇竹与黄皮树人工混交林中筇竹地上部分生物量模型构建

本研究以筇竹与黄皮树人工混交林中筇竹地上部分为研究对象,测定分析了1~4年生分株地上部分各构件生物量及含水率,建立人工筇竹分株地上部分各构件的生物量及总生物量模型,以期为人工筇竹林的经营管理及其碳汇项目的开发提供科学依据。结果表明：随着筇竹分株年龄的增加,各构件含水率和生物量均逐渐减少,筇竹1~4年生分株地上部分平均含水率分别为57.62%、53.40%、50.01%、42.66%,平均生物量分别为133.99、123.31、109.76、85.39 g/m²;各年龄分株地上部分生物量的分配均呈现出秆＞枝＞叶的变化规律。不同年龄分株的胸径与秆、枝、叶生物量及地上部分总生物量均有极显著相关性(P＜0.01)。以胸径为自变量建立的各年龄筇竹分株地上部分总生物量模型的决定系数(R²)均在0.93以上,具有较高的可信度,也有着较强的适用性,可用于类似立地条件下的筇竹分株生物量估测。     

青稞转录因子HvnANT1基因的克隆与表达分析

为探究HvnANT1基因在青稞粒色形成过程中的基因表达模式,以紫粒青稞‘涅如姆扎’和白粒青稞‘昆仑10号’为试材,利用简化基因组GBS(Genotyping-by-Sequencing)对青稞紫粒进行基因定位,克隆到HvnANT1基因,对其进行生物信息学分析。结果表明：1）在7H染色体的84.30—86.00cM获得1个MYB类转录因子,命名为HvnANT1。2）该基因长1 033bp,其完整开放阅读框为762bp,编码253个氨基酸。HvnANT1蛋白分子量为27.14kU,是亲水性的不稳定碱性蛋白且不存在跨膜结构,无信号肽。该蛋白的二级结构主要是由无规卷曲、α-螺旋、延伸链和β-转角组成,具有2个SANT结构域（分别位于第13—第63个;第66—第114个氨基酸）。3）同源比对与系统进化分析表明：青稞HvnANT1蛋白与大麦、乌拉尔图小麦、高梁、玉米、二型花、小米、水稻、土瓶草、车轴草和杨梅10种植物的ANT1蛋白序列相似性分别为100.00%、88.85%、54.64%、60.95%、60.82%、58.46%、57.61%、37.76%、36.05%和36.33%;这些序列都具...     

用豆油代替鱼油对虹鳟生长、非特异性免疫和组织酶活性的影响

研究了用豆油代替鱼油对体重为（33．75±0．28）g虹鳟Oncorhynchus mykiss生长性能、免疫和组织酶活性的影响。试验共分4个处理,每个处理设3个重复,每个重复放80尾鱼,分别添加18％（质量分数,下同）鱼油（G1组）、6％鱼油＋12％豆油（G2组）、3％鱼油＋15％豆油（G3组）和18％豆油（G4组）。试验期间水温为12．5～16．5℃,溶解氧为7．8～10mg／L,每天饲喂2次,试验共进行8周。结果表明：豆油部分或全部代替鱼油对虹鳟试验末体重、体长、肥满度、特定生长率、饵料系数和日增重未产生显著影响（P〉0．05）,G2组试验末体重、特定生长率、日增重分别较对照组（G1组）提高7．99％、11．85％和13．89％,饵料系数下降12．82％。与G1组相比,G3组鱼血浆和肝脏中碱性磷酸酶活性显著提高（P〈0．05）,肝脏和肾脏中酸性磷酸酶的活性显著提高（P〈0．01）;G4组鱼肝脏中溶菌酶活性显著降低（P〈0．05）,G2、G3组也呈下降趋势,但差异不显著;各试验组鱼鳃中丙二醛活性显著（P〈0．05）或极显著降低（P〈0．05）;G3组鱼肝脏中过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性显著升高（P〈0．05）,12;3、G4组鱼肾脏中CAT也显著升高（P〈0．05）。可见,用豆油可以部分代替鱼油用于虹鳟生产,但用豆油完全代替鱼油会影响虹鳟鱼体的免疫力。试验表明,用添加质量分数为6％鱼油＋12％豆油的饲料饲养虹鳟时,虹鳟的生产性能最好。