长期用生活污水处理厂排放的废水浇灌影响了糙米和土壤中重金属的含量

A pot experiment was conducted in a plastic film house to evaluate the translocation and uptake of heavy metals(Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn) into brown rice(Oryza sativa L.) and the heavy metals residues in soils which had previously been irrigated with domestic wastewater for a long time(3 years).The range of Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn was 5.10 ± 0.01,0.105 ± 0.017,5.76 ± 0.42,and 23.56 ± 1.40 mg kg-1,respectively in the domestic wastewater-irrigated soil,and 0.370 ± 0.006,0.011 ± 0.001,0.340 ± 0.04,and 2.05 ± 0.18 mg kg-1,respectively,in the domestic wastewater-irrigated brown rice.The results indicated that application of domestic wastewater to arable land slightly increased the levels of Pb,Cd,Cu,and Zn in soil and brown rice(P < 0.01).The concentrations of heavy metals in brown rice were lower than the recommended tolerable levels proposed by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.However,the continuous monitoring and pollution control of hazardous materials from domestic wastewater are needed in order to prevent excessive build-up of heavy metals in the food chain.     

柳杉人工林行列疏伐异龄混交林经营研究

柳杉人工林于24年生时,经不同带宽之行列疏伐处理后,疏伐带栽植扁柏、红桧、台湾杉、香杉4种林木,历经21 a后,目前之成活率,不同带宽成活率差异不显著;但树种间成活率差异显著,以台湾杉最高59%,香杉最低31%。而其胸径和树高之生长,不同疏伐带间部分树种之胸径、树高生长差异不显著;但树种间胸径、树高生长差异极显著。保留带之柳杉胸径、树高之生长明显大于对照区,而材积现存量则对照区仍大于疏伐区。在定期平均生长方面,胸径生长在疏伐13 a后,疏伐效果已减缓;而材积生长则在疏伐7 a后即明显超越对照区。行列疏伐保留带之留存木,在疏伐后6 a间,有较严重之风害,因此建议未来进行疏伐时,留存带应该扩大宽度,建议宽度在20 m以上,以减少风害。在林下地被植物调查方面,全区共调查到97种植物,Shannon多样性指数达到1.78,而Simpson多样性指数则为0.66。在不同的疏伐处理下,保留带与对照区的种类丰富度均低于疏伐处理后的区域,反映出疏伐作业会造成不同的林下环境条件,进而影响地被植物的组成多样性。在林下天然更新树木的调查成果方面,全区共调查到66种、2 010株树木,平均植株密度为941株hm2,Shannon多样性指数达到2.92,Simpson多样性指数则为0.89。在不同的疏伐处理下,天然更新树木的组成多样性已接近显著差异。天然更新树木的数量上,保留带与对照区的林木密度均显著高于疏伐区域,反映出过去的各项森林施业过程(疏伐、下木栽植、抚育等)会实质地影响到林木的天然更新状态。      

Effects of animal liver and bile extracts on biochemical values of rat ethanol‐induced fatty liver

The purposes of this study were to assess the improvement of fatty liver induced by ethanol with animal liver and bile extracts. This research aimed to increase the economic values of animal liver and bile extracts and used these to reduce damage of ethanol‐induced fatty liver. Extracts came from animal liver and bile, including pig bile powder, pig liver extract, a mixture of pig bile powder and pig liver extract, chicken bile powder, chicken liver extract, and a mixture of chicken bile powder and chicken liver extract, and these were fed to Long‐Evans rats. The results showed that rats fed ethanol for long terms could increase values of aspartate transaminase, cholesterol, γ‐glutamy‐transferase and alkaline phosphatase. Pig bile powder could decrease the values of aspartate transaminase, cholesterol and γ‐glutamy‐transferase. The significances also decreased on aspartate transaminase, γ‐glutamy‐transferase and aspartate transaminase, which were carried out with the pig liver extract treatment. These results suggest pig bile and liver extracts have high potential to improve rats' ethanol‐induced fatty liver with serum biochemical parameters.     

致谢审稿专家

Two agricultural soils were collected from Dahu and Pinchen counties and swine manure compost (SMC) from Pingtung County in Taiwan, China to investigate the sorption and dissipation of three tetracyclines (TCs), i.e., oxytetracycline (OTC), tetracycline (TC) and chlortetracycline (CTC), in compost, soils and soil/compost mixtures with different organic carbon (OC) contents. There were seven treatments in total. TCs were most strongly adsorbed to SMC in all treatments due to the high OC content. When SMC was present in the soils, the sorption of TCs was significantly enhanced, which might be attributed to the increased OC content and CEC. The adsorption of TCs showed non-linear adsorption isotherms and fitted well to the Freundlich model. After 49 d of incubation at 25 oC in soils and soil/compost mixtures in the dark, TCs elapsed in all substrates, with the time required for 50% degradation (DT50) between 20 and 41 d, and the time for 90% degradation (DT90) between 68 and 137 d. Soil amended with compost enhanced the stability of TCs and reduced their mobility. The dissipation of TCs in a soil environment was slow, indicating that these compounds might be persistent in soil.     

The Firm as Social Networks: An Organisational Perspective

ABSTRACT This paper offers an organizational perspective on the firm in new economic geographies. It starts with the premise of the firm as a production function in neoclassical economics and a cost minimisation device in transaction cost economics. By pointing out the inadequacy in these mainstream economic perspectives on the firm, I draw upon recent behavioral and managerial theories to develop a relational conception of the firm as social networks in which actors are embedded in ongoing power relations and discursive processes. In further elaborating this relational perspective on the firm as an organisational device, I show how the firm is governed through social relations among different actors, how it is a site of contested ideologies and political representations among these actors, and how space and geographical scales matter in shaping its social construction. Taken together, this organisational perspective aims to shift our research agenda in urban and regional development from promoting the growth of the firm per se to understanding how the firm serves as a relational institution that connects spatially differentiated actors in different places and regions.     

粘土作为乳化剂的研究Ⅰ.粘土悬液的pH值与乳浊液稳定性的关系

固体粉末可以作为乳化剂早在本世紀初就已发现^[1]。由于所得的乳浊液一般地讲液滴较粗,稳定性也差,因而长期以来很少被注意。最近L.N.Mukerjee和S.N.Srivastava等人系統地检查了多种难溶无机化合物和粘土作为工业用和农业喷洒用乳化剂的可能性^[2,3]。但对于粘土粉末作为乳化剂的条件没有深入研究。本文是研究一定pH范围内几种本国粘土的乳化效能。     

Development of biodegradable films from whey proteins by cross-linking and entrapment in cellulose

When cross-linked by heating or by gamma-irradiation and entrapped in cellulose, whey proteins can generate insoluble biofilms with good mechanical properties and high resistance to attack by proteolytic enzymes. Interchain cross-linking of proteins generated an increase in the puncture strength, and a decrease in water vapor permeability. Gelatin was added in film formulation as a stabilizer to improve the puncture strength and film appearance. The structure of the biofilms was also analyzed. SDS-PAGE revealed that heating and gamma-irradiation produce an increase of the molecular weight of the cross-linked protein. Size exclusion chromatography showed a molecular mass of 40 kDa for un-cross-linked whey proteins, whereas for the soluble fractions of the cross-linked proteins, molecular distributions were between 600 and 3800 kDa for the heated proteins and between 1000 and 2000 kDa for gamma-irradiated proteins. No major alteration of the structural conformation of the proteins was observed by FTIR for biofilms obtained after heat treatment, whereas gamma-irradiation induced some modifications in the protein structure. X-ray diffraction analysis suggests that cross-linking by gamma-irradiation seems to modify the conformation of proteins, which became more ordered and more stable.     

Forming electrical networks in three dimensions by self-assembly

Self-assembly of millimeter-scale polyhedra, with surfaces patterned with solder dots, wires, and light-emitting diodes, generated electrically functional, three-dimensional networks. The patterns of dots and wires controlled the structure of the networks formed; both parallel and serial connections were generated.     

马铃薯Y病毒的侵染与温度的关系

 在北京,对于秋播的马铃薯接种Y病毒并不显著增加感染率和花叶型退化程度。在春播的条件下无病毒的实生苗后代植株一季内大多数自然感染Y病毒。
盆栽试验证明降低夜间气温和土温、降低昼夜土温或仅降低夜间土温都有效地降低了春播马铃薯在自然和人工接种条件下Y病毒感染率。接种后1、3、5星期的检验结果表示,降低土温大大延缓了叶片内Y病毒的发展。因此推想,低温除了其他有利作用之外,会增强马铃薯对于Y病毒的抗扩展免疫性。     

Population changes in Phytophthora infestans in Taiwan associated with the appearance of resistance to metalaxyl

In recent years, late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont) De Bary, has increased in severity in many parts of the world, and this has been associated with migrations which have introduced new, arguably more aggressive, populations of the pathogen. In Taiwan, late blight has been endemic on outdoor tomato crops grown in the highlands since the early 1900s, but recent epidemics have been more damaging. To ascertain the present status of the Taiwanese population of P infestans, 139 isolates of the pathogen collected and maintained by the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) were characterized using mating type, metalaxyl sensitivity, allozyme genotype, mitochondrial haplotype and RFLP fingerprinting. Up to 1997, all isolates were found to belong to the old clonal lineage of P infestans (US-1 and variants), but in isolates from 1998 a new genotype appeared, and by 2000 this had apparently completely displaced the old population. This new genotype was an A1 mating type and has the dilocus allozyme genotype 100/100/111, 100/100 for the loci coding for glucose-6-phosphate isomerase and peptidase, respectively. These characters, together with RG57 fingerprinting, indicated that these isolates belonged to the US-11 clonal lineage, a minority (11%) being a previously unreported variant of US-11. Whereas metalaxyl-resistant isolates were not detected in the old population, 96% of the new genotypes proved resistant, with the remainder being intermediate in sensitivity. It may be inferred from this sudden, marked change in the characteristics of the Taiwanese P infestans that a new population of the pathogen was introduced around 1997-98 and that this may well have already been metalaxyl-resistant when it arrived, although a role for in situ selection cannot be excluded.