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1.
Spatiotemporal patterns of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni) in response to a restoration of longitudinal connectivity
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Peter M. Kiffney Ben Cram Paul L. Faulds Karl Burton Michele Koehler Thomas P. Quinn 《Ecology of Freshwater Fish》2018,27(4):1037-1053
To examine the role of longitudinal connectivity on the spatial and temporal dynamics of mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), we quantified movement and population dynamics following installation of the Landsburg Dam fishway, Cedar River, WA, USA. Mountain whitefish is widely distributed, poorly studied and not the focus of restoration. Before the fishway, mountain whitefish were not observed above the dam. Here, we focus on snorkel counts collected at reach and mesohabitat (e.g. pools) scales over 11 summers on the 20‐km above‐dam segment following restoration. A camera within the ladder provided number, size and movement timing, thereby informing on behaviour and recolonisation. Segment‐scale abundance increased following fish passage reaching an asymptote in 7 years, and mountain whitefish were detected throughout the main stem in 10 years. Annual movement through the ladder increased over time and was positively correlated with instream abundance and discharge, but negatively correlated with water temperature. About 60% of fish movements occurred in spring and early summer, potentially for foraging opportunities. Reach‐scale abundance peaked between 7 and 10 km from the dam; deep, cool (~10.6 to 11.6°C) conditions characterised these reaches. At the mesohabitat scale, mountain whitefish detection increased with depth and velocity after accounting for distance from the dam. Our results show how restoring longitudinal connectivity allowed this nontarget species to colonise newly available habitat. Their response supports the critical roles of longitudinal connectivity and environmental conditions, that manifest at different spatial scales, in dictating how freshwater fish respond to habitat disturbance. 相似文献
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Burton NJ Comerford EJ Bailey M Pead MJ Owen MR 《The Journal of small animal practice》2007,48(4):220-224
OBJECTIVES: To compare ulnar trochlear notch bone radiopacity in Labrador retrievers with and without fragmented medial coronoid process using quantitative analysis of film density on digitised radiographs. METHODS: Mediolateral view elbow radiographs from Labrador retrievers (n=34) aged between six and 18 months were obtained and digitised. Images from dogs with an arthroscopic diagnosis of fragmentation of the medial coronoid process (n=17) were compared with that of a control population (n=17), and this data subject to statistical analysis. RESULTS: A statistically significant relationship between the presence of increased trochlear notch radiopacity and a fragmented medial coronoid process was identified. Fractional analysis of this area shows the region of greatest difference in radiopacity between normal and fragmented medial coronoid process cohorts to be in the trochlear region of the medial coronoid process of the ulna. A decrease in radiopacity values in the dysplastic group versus the normal cohort was observed for the region of the proximo-caudal ulnar trochlear notch. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: An increase in ulnar trochlear notch radiopacity is a finding associated with fragmentation of the medial coronoid process in Labrador retrievers. 相似文献
6.
M. A. Burton 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》1994,8(2):61-81
The use of a simulation package to study the consequences of various water allocation policies during time of water shortage is described. The study shows that simulation can be a valuable aid to irrigation scheme managers in their decision making. 相似文献
7.
The use of commercially available spreadsheet programs for scheduling of water supplies for large scale irrigation networks is a relatively new phenomenom. The paper describes the development and application of such a program for a 30 000 ha irrigation scheme in the Brantas Delta, East Java. The program has been in use for day-to-day scheduling of main system supplies since April 1986, during which time refinements and adjustments have been necessary to formulate a working package. The paper draws conclusions regarding the value of the program for improving water management. 相似文献
8.
Soil microbial biomass, activity and community composition in adjacent native and plantation forests of subtropical Australia 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Joanne Burton Chengrong Chen Zhihong Xu Hossein Ghadiri 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2010,10(7):1267-1277
Purpose
Soil nitrogen (N) availability is a critical determinant of plantation productivity in subtropical Australia and is influenced by the soil microbial community. The size, structure and function of the soil microbial community can be impacted by land-use change and residue management. The objectives of this study were to examine the impact of land-use change from (1) native forest (NF) to first rotation (1R) hoop pine plantation and (2) 1R hoop pine plantation to second rotation (2R) hoop pine plantation on the soil microbial community. The impact of residue management on the soil microbial community was also investigated in the 2R forest, where soil microbial parameters were measured in tree rows (2R-T) and windrows (2R-W). In addition, relationships between soil microbial parameters and soil N parameters were investigated.Materials and methods
Each of the four treatments (NF, 1R, 2R-T and 2R-W) had five 24-m2 replicate plots from which 15 soil cores were collected and bulked at three depths (0–10, 10–20, 20–30 cm). Microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and N (MBN) and soil respiration were measured on field moist soils. In addition, carbon (C) source utilisation patterns were assessed using the whole soil MicroResp? technique (Campbell et al. 2003).Results and discussion
Results indicate that the land-use change from NF to 1R hoop pine plantation significantly reduced MBC, respiration rate, soil total C and total N. Furthermore, the land-use change appeared to have a significant impact on the soil microbial community composition measured using MicroResp? profiles. Land-use change from 1R to 2R hoop pine plantation resulted in a decline in total C and MBN and a shift in microbial community composition. When compared to the 2R-T soils, the 2R-W soils tended to have a greater microbial biomass and respiration rate. Residue management also influenced the microbial community composition measured in the MicroResp? profiles.Conclusions
Results indicate that land-use change had a significant impact on the soil microbial community, which was likely to be related to shifts in the quality and quantity of organic inputs associated with the change in land use. This may have significant implications for the long-term productivity of the soil resource. Further studies are required to confirm a difference in microbial community composition associated with residue management. In addition, long-term experiments in subtropical Australia are necessary to verify the results of this snapshot study and to improve our understanding of the impact of single-species plantation forestry and residue management on the soil microbial community, soil N dynamics and ultimately the long-term sustainability of the soil resource. 相似文献9.
10.
W. G. Burton 《Potato Research》1965,8(2):80-91
Summary Immature tubers have a much higher content of sucrose than mature tubers. After harvest this sucrose is rapidly transformed
to hexose, which often then remains at a high level during storage. Mature tubers may have a very variable content of sugar
when harvested. During storage, apart from the sweetening which occurs at low temperatures, considerable sweetening occurs
after more than 10–15 weeks at 10 C and even more markedly at 20 C. The magnitude of this sweetening shows considerable varietal
differences, apparently correlated, in tubers which are allowed to sprout, with the vigour of sprout growth. It also occurs,
however, if sprout growth is suppressed chemically.
Zusammenfassung Unreife Knollen haben einen viel h?heren Gehalt an Saccharose als reife Knollen. Dies steht mit der anf?nglichen, aber kleiner werdenden Divergenz zwischen Verlagerung und Umwandlung von Saccharose in Hexose-Phosphate und schliesslich in St?rke im Zusammenhang. In einem angeführten Beispiel enthielten Knollen der SorteMajestic, die am 16.7.63 geerntet wurden, 1,01g Saccharose je 100 g Frischgewicht, w?hrend Knollen des gleichen Bestandes, die am 30.9.63 reif geerntet wurden, nur 0,06 g/100g enthielten. Nach der Ernte wird dieser hohe Gehalt an Saccharose in den unreifen Knollen rasch in Hexose umgewandelt (abb. 1) die dann w?hrend der Lagerung oftmals einen hohen Stand beibeh?lt (abb. 2). Reife Knollen k?nnen bei der Ernte einen sehr unterschiedlichen Zuckergehalt aufweisen. In dertabelle sind Ergebnisse von Analysen, die nach einer Woche Lagerung bei 10 C gemacht wurden, aufgeführt. Abgeschen vom Süsswerden, das bei niedrigen Temperaturen vorkommt (abb. 3), tritt nach mehr als 10 bis 15 Wochen Lagerung bei 10 C betr?chtliches, und bei 20 C sogar noch ausgepr?gteres Süsswerden ein. Das Ausmass dieses Süsswerdens zeigt bedeutende sortenbedingte Unterschiede (abb. 4), die, sofern die Knollen austreiben, mit der St?rke des Keimwachstums (abb. 6) offensichtlich korreliert sind. Süsswerden kommt jedoch auch vor, wenn das Keimwachstum durch Keimverhinderungsmittel unterdrückt wird.
Résumé Les tubercules non m?rs ont une teneur en sucrose beaucoup plus élevée que les tubercules m?rs, en raison du déséquilibre initial, bien que décroissant, dans sa translation et sa transformation en phosphates hexose et finalement en amidon. Dans un exemple chiffré, des tuberculesMajestic récoltés le 16 juillet 1963 contenaient 1,01g de sucrose par 100g de poids frais (1,01g/100g), tandis que les tubercules de la même récolte arrachés m?rs le 30 septembre 1963 contenaient seulement 0,06g/100g. Après la récolte cette haute teneur de sucrose des tubercules non m?rs est rapidement transformée en hexose (fig. 1), lequel, alors, reste souvent à un niveau élevé pendant la conservation (fig. 2). Les tubercules m?rs peuvent avoir une teneur très variable en sucres au moment de la récolte. Letableau mentionne les résultats d’analyses effectuées après une semaine à 10 C. Durant la conservation, indépendamment de l’affadissement qui appara?t à basse température (fig. 3), un affadissement considérable se produit après une conservation à 10 C pendant au moins 10 à 15 semaines, et même, d’une manière plus marquée, à 20 C. L’importance de cet affadissement montre des différences variétales considérables (fig. 4) qui, apparemment, sont en corrélation, chez les tubercules qui sont mis en germination, avec la vigueur de croissance du germe (fig. 6). Ce phénomène apparait également quand le développement du germe est supprimé par voie chimique.相似文献