A comparison of the effect of short-acting and long-acting cloxacillin-based dry-cow therapy on somatic cell counts after calving in cows also given internal teat sealants

AIM: To compare, in cows treated with an internal teat sealant, the effect of short-acting and long-acting cloxacillin-based dry-cow therapy on somatic cell counts (SCC) after calving.

METHODS: Cows from a spring-calving, pasture-based dairy farm in the Manawatu-Whanganui region of New Zealand were randomly allocated to receive either a short-acting cloxacillin and ampicillin dry-cow therapy and internal teat sealant (n=291) or a long-acting cloxacillin and ampicillin dry-cow therapy and internal teat sealant (n=288) at the end of lactation. Cows were managed on-farm with routine husbandry procedures through the dry period and following calving. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine the association between length of action of dry-cow therapy and the proportion of cows with a SCC >150,000?cells/mL at the first herd test after calving.

RESULTS: Age of cow, mean SCC for the preceding season and interval from calving to the first post-calving herd test were all associated with the proportion of cows with an individual SCC >150,000?cells/mL at the first herd test (p<0.001) Treatment with the short-acting dry-cow therapy was not associated with decreased odds of cows having a SCC >150,000?cells/mL at the first herd test compared with treatment with long-acting dry-cow therapy (OR=0.724; 95% CI=0.40–1.30).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In this herd, which routinely used internal teat sealants, the use of short-acting cloxacillin-based dry-cow therapy did not result in an increased proportion of cows with elevated SSC post-calving. This was a single farm, single year study but indicates that in this herd, changing from a long-acting to a short-acting antimicrobial may have no impact on the prevalence of subclinical mastitis.     

Drying half of the root-zone from mid fruit growth to maturity in ‘Hass’ avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees for one season reduced fruit production in two years

We tested the effect of extended drying of half the root system on fruit yield and fruit Ca concentration, an indirect measure of fruit quality, in avocado (Persea americana Mill. cv Hass). In a field experiment on a sandy soil, withholding irrigation and plastic sheeting was used to dry the root-zone beneath the whole canopy (DD) or half the canopy (WD), compared with well-watered trees (WW). The irrigation water contained added nutrients and was slightly saline. Yield, shoot growth, leaf conductance, leaf and fruit water status and mineral concentrations of leaves and fruit were studied. The responses of treated trees were assessed in the following season during which normal irrigation practices were restored. With respect to yield, the WD treatment behaved the same as the DD treatment. It reduced yield by more than half and proportionately more than the reduction in water supply thus reducing irrigation efficiency. Re-watering did not restore yield of WD or DD-trees in the next season. The WD and DD treatments had no effect on the concentration of Ca in the fruit mesocarp and so are unlikely to affect fruit quality. The main impact of reduced water supply on the trees was fruit abscission and this was linked to dry soil around the roots rather than the water status of the leaves or fruits. We conclude that extended drying of half of the root-zone in one season reduced irrigation efficiency for two seasons by promoting the abscission of developing fruit to the same extent as occurred when the whole root system was exposed to extended drying.     

Dimensionality-driven insulator-to-metal transition in the bechgaard salts

Optical experiments were conducted on a series of organic linear chain conductors with different values of the interchain single-electron transfer integral tb, which quantifies the degree of anisotropy. Electron-electron interactions together with Umklapp scattering resulted in a correlation gap and an insulating state for small tb. An insulator-to-metal transition was observed when tb exceeded a critical value, on the order of the correlation gap Egap. The absence of a plasma edge on the insulator side of the transition for polarization perpendicular to the chains suggests that the electrons are confined to the chains. The optical features of the metallic state, when contrasted with the magnetic properties, are suggestive of spin-charge separation.     

Impact of the use of biofertilizers on cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ) crop under irrigated agro-ecosystem

High nitrogen fixing, phosphate solubilizing, phytohormones producing isolates of Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Acetobacter and Pseudomonas were used as inoculants for cotton. Important cultures were selected on the basis of their effect on root/shoot length and chemotactic behaviour. Selected bioinoculants were earlier tested for their beneficial properties like nitrogen fixation (ARA), ammonia excretion, IAA production etc. These bio-inoculants were further tested for phosphate solubilization property. Various chosen strains were tested with Desi (HD 123) and American (H 1098) cotton under field conditions (as for wheat). Plant height and boll weight were determined at the time of harvesting whereas survival rate of inoculated bacteria was determined after 30, 80 and 130 days respectively. In the year 2000–01, on the basis of boll number and boll weight plant^?1 AVK 51 (36; 76.2?g plant^?1), HT 57 (27; 56.9?g plant^?1), AC18 (33; 61.5?g plant^?1), Ala 27 (36; 61.4?g plant^?1) and Pseudomonas (34; 71.3?g plant^?1) were identified as significant both for American and desi cotton varieties. Highest survival rate was observed with Mac 68 (33.4 × 10⁵) followed by HT54 (31.5 × 10⁵) after 30 days of sowing, which decreased after 80 days and remained constant up to 130 days. This trend was observed with all the cultures. Similar results were observed in 2001–02. 25?kg ha^?1 N saving was observed with A. chroococcum (AVK51) bioinoculant for cotton crop.     

Varietal susceptibility to damage in potatoes

Summary Samples of 62 varieties of potato grown under identical conditions were harvested with much and little damage. From the much damaged samples the damage index was calculated for each variety. The less damaged samples were examined with a Lampe penetrometer for skin hardness and hardness after removing 2 mm of tissue. The varieties were ranked in order of damage susceptibility, and though generally damage index and surface penetrometer reading were inversely related, some varieties gave anomalous results, showing prediction by penetrometer of susceptibility to mechanical damage to be unreliable. Penetrometer readings for the skin and the tissue 2 mm deep were compared to see if susceptibility to bruising is influenced by the relative strengths of inner and outer tissue. The susceptibility of varieties bruised by a standard technique was compared with that predicted. The relative strength of skin and internal tissue gave only a very approximate guide to bruising susceptibility.

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Zusammenfassung 62 Kartoffelsorten wurden unter gleichen Bedingungen angebaut. W?hrend der Ernte mit einem Siebkettenroder wurden von jeder Sorte Muster entnommen, sowohl nach zu starkem Schütteln des Siebes, um viele mechanische Sch?den zu verursachen, als auch nach Reduzierung der Schüttelbewegung, um den Schaden auf dem Minimum zu halten. Die ersten Muster wurden mit P-Kresol (Robertson, 1961) behandelt, um die Identifizierung der oberfl?chlichen mechanischen Sch?den (aber nicht Blaufleckigkeit) und den für jede der acht Gr?ssenklassen errechneten Schadenindex zu erleichtern. Die zweiten Muster wurden für die Prüfungen der Schalenfestigkeit mit dem Lampe-Penetrometer gebraucht (Lampe, 1959). Für jede Knolle wurde eine Oberfl?chen-Ablesung mit dem Penetrometer gemacht; dann wurde eine 2 mm dicke Scheibe von der Knolle entfernt und eine zweite Ablesung vorgenommen. Der Vergleich mit der Oberfl?chen-Ablesung mit jener 2 mm tiefer zeigt relative St?rke der Schale und des inneren Gewebes. Es wird angenommen, dass wenn das Schalengewebe viel st?rker ist als das innere Gewebe, die Entwicklung von Blaufleckigkeit m?glich ist, w?hrend bei relativ festerem innerem Gewebe keine Blaufleckigkeit entstehen dürfte. Die Sorten wurden klassifizicrt als sehr früh, früh, mittelfrüh und mittelsp?t, und in den Tabellen 1–4 sind sie in absteigender Reihenfolge ihres Schadenindexes nach Gewicht aufgeführt, so das die am leichtesten zu besch?digenden Sorten in jeder Tabelle oben und die gegen Besch?digungen am widerstandsf?higsten Sorten am Schluss stehen. W?hrend im allgemeinen eine Sorte mit einem hohen Schadenindex eine kleinere Belastung im Penetrometer anzeigt und umgekehrt, gibt es dafür einige Ausnahmen, z.B. Craig's Alliance, Dunbar Rover, Ulster Classic und Désirée. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ein Penetrometer nicht immer ein verl?ssliches Instrument für die Vorhersage der Empfindlichkeit einer Sorte auf mechanische Sch?den darstellt. Es hat sich auch gezeigt, dass der Gebrauch des Penetrometers als Hilfsmittel zur Vorhersage sortenbedingter Empfindlichkeit auf Blaufleckigkeit unzuverl?ssig ist. Wenn bei einigen Sorten durch Fallenlassen einer Stahlkugel auf die Knollen Blaufleckigkeit induziert wird (Tabelle 5), zeigt sich, dass die Hypothese des Einflusses der relativen Festigkeit des ?usseren und inneren Gewebes auf die Empf?nglichkeit der Sorten für Blaufleckigkeit nicht aufrechterhalten werden kann.

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Résumé Soixante-deux variétés ont été mises en végétation dans des conditions identiques. Au cours de la récolte avec une arracheuse-élévatrice, on a prélevé des échantillons doubles, l'un après agitation excessive des cha?nes pour causer le maximum de dommages mécaniques, l'autre après réduction de l'agitation des cha?nes pour réduire les dommages au minimum. On a traité le premier échantillon avec du p-crésol (Robertson, 1961) pour faciliter l'identification des dommages mécaniques de surface (mais non les taches cendrées) et on a calculé l'indice d'endommagement (Robertson, 1966) pour chacune des 8 classes de grosseur. Le second échantillon a été utilisé pour les tests de dureté de la peau au moyen du pénétromètre Lampe (Lampe, 1959). On fait une première lecture de surface sur chaque tubercule, puis une seconde après enlèvement d'une tranche de 2 mm. La comparaison de la lecture de surface avec celle à 2 mm de profondeur révèle les résistances du tissu de surface et du tissu interne. Il est supposé que si le tissue de surface est beaucoup plus fort que le tissu interne, le développement des taches cendrées peut être possible, tandis qu'avec un tissu interne relativement fort les taches cendrées ne peuvent se produire. Les variétés sont classées dans les catégories: première précocité, seconde précocité, récolte principale, tardive; les tableaux 1 à 4 montrent les variétés dans leur catégorie, classées par ordre décroissant d'indice d'endommagement par poids, les variétés sensibles se trouvant donc au sommet des colonnes, les plus résistantes en dessous. Alors qu'en général une variété avec un haut indice d'endommagement montre une faible charge de pénétration avec le pénétromètre et vice-versa, il appara?t quelques exceptions, par example Craig's Alliance, Dunbar Rover, Ulster Classic et Désirée. Ces résultats montrent que le pénétromètre n'est pas toujours un instrument valable pour prévoir la susceptibilité d'une variété aux dommages mécaniques. L'usage du pénétromètre en tant qu'aide pour prévoir la susceptibilité d'une variété aux taches cendrées s'est également montré non valable. L'induction de meurtrissures sur quelques-unes des variétés en laissant tomber des boules d'acier sur les tubercules (tableau 5) a montré que l'hypothèse de l'influence des résistances relatives des tissus externes et internes sur la prédisposition des variétés aux meutrissures n'est pas confirmée.

     

Evaluation of a commercially available ELISA kit for detection of antibodies to Anaplasma marginale and Anaplasma centrale in cattle in Australia and Zimbabwe

A newly available competitive inhibition ELISA kit for the serological diagnosis of anaplasmosis was evaluated in Australia and Zimbabwe. In Australia the performance of the test was compared with the card agglutination test (CAT).The assay was evaluated using negative sera collected from Anaplasma-free herds, positive sera from experimentally infected cattle and sera from Anaplasma marginale-endemic herds. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA in Australia were 100 % and 83,3 %, respectively, and the sensitivity and specificity of the CAT were both 100%. The agreement between the ELISA and CAT in the sera from endemic herds was 86,4 % (kappa = 0,718). The specificity of the ELISA in Zimbabwe was 100%. No meaningful estimate of sensitivity was possible in Zimbabwe because few known positive sera were available for testing, but all eight known positive sera that were available were clearly positive. We conclude that the ELISA is a useful alternative to the CAT for epidemiological studies.The ELISA kits have advantages over the CAT in that the ELISA is more robust and reagents are better standardized, but the kits are expensive.     

Echocardiographic evaluation of dogs receiving 1:1 thiopental/propofol in a clinical setting

The purpose of this study was to compare the echocardiographic Doppler blood pressure and heart rate effects of 1:1 thiopental/propofol with thiopental and propofol, when used as anesthesia‐induction agents. Seven healthy dogs (six Beagles and one Pembroke Welsh Corgi), ranging in age from 1 to 9 years and weighing 14.2 ± 2.4 kg (mean ± SD), were used during the study. In a cross‐over study design with a minimum drug interval of 3 days, each dog received propofol, thiopental, or a mixture of propofol–thiopental IV until each dog received all the three anesthetic agents. An initial dose (propofol 4.9 ± 0.8 mg kg^?1; thiopental 12.9 ± 2.4 mg kg^?1; propofol–thiopental 2.3 ± 0.3 mg kg^?1 (P)?5.7 ± 0.8 mg kg^?1 (T)) of each anesthetic agent was titrated IV until intubation was accomplished. Echocardiographic Doppler blood pressure and heart rate variables were recorded prior to anesthesia and at 1, 5, and 10 minutes after induction of anesthesia. anova and the Bonferroni's t‐test were used to evaluate the groups for differences. Alpha was <0.05. There was no significant effect of treatment on systolic or diastolic ventricular wall thickness, septal thickness, left atrial diameter, or systolic left ventricular diameter. There was a tendency for diastolic left ventricular diameter to decrease over time. There was a tendency for heart rate to increase with a significant difference at the 10‐minute time period between propofol (109 ± 26 beats minute^?1) and thiopental (129 ± 23 beats minute^?1). At the 10‐minute recording period, heart rate following the propofol/thiopental mixture (110 ± 34 beats minute^?1) was closer to that following propofol than to that following thiopental. With all induction agents, indirect blood pressure tended to decrease over time (p = 0.005); however, there was no difference between the groups. The changes observed were not considered to be of clinical significance. The propofol/thiopental mixture produces similar changes in echocardiographic variables when compared to propofol or thiopental, and could be substituted for propofol for induction of anesthesia in dogs.     

Necessary elements of precautionary management: implications for the Antarctic toothfish

We review the precautionary approach to fisheries management, propose a framework that will allow a systematic assessment of insufficient precaution and provide an illustration using an Antarctic fishery. For a single‐species fishery, our framework includes five attributes: (1) limit reference points that recognize gaps in our understanding of the dynamics of the species; (2) accurate measures of population size; (3) ability to detect population changes quickly enough to arrest unwanted declines; (4) adequate understanding of ecosystem dynamics to avoid adverse indirect effects; and (5) assessment of the first four elements by a sufficiently impartial group of scientists. We argue that one or more of these elements frequently fail to be present in the management of many fisheries. Structural uncertainties, which characterize almost all fisheries models, call for higher limit points than those commonly used. A detailed look into the five elements and associated uncertainties is presented for the fishery on the Antarctic toothfish in the Ross Sea (FAO/CCAMLR Area 88.1, 88.2), for which management was recently described as ‘highly precautionary’. In spite of having features that make the Ross Sea fishery ideal for the application of the precautionary approach, gaps in our knowledge and failure to acknowledge these gaps mean that current regulation falls short of being sufficiently precautionary. We propose some possible remedies.