Effect of carbohydrate source on ammonia utilization in lactating dairy cows

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dextrose, starch, NDF, and a carbohydrate (CHO) mix on utilization of ruminal ammonia in dairy cows. Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated Holstein cows (BW = 788 +/- 31 kg; 217 +/- 35 d in milk) were allocated to four treatments in a 4 x 4 Latin square design trial. Cows were fed an all alfalfa diet at 12-h intervals (DMI = 22.2 +/- 0.25 kg/d). Treatments were control, white oat fiber (NDF); corn dextrose (GLU); cornstarch (STA); and a CHO mix (25% of each): apple pectin, GLU, STA, and NDF (MIX). Carbohydrates were introduced intraruminally during feeding at 20% of dietary DMI. Ruminal ammonia was labeled with (15)N. Ruminal pH was the highest for NDF followed by STA and MIX and GLU (P < 0.001). Ruminal ammonia concentration and pool size were decreased by GLU and STA compared with NDF (P < 0.001 and P = 0.03, respectively). Acetate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and total VFA concentration in the rumen were decreased (P = 0.009 to 0.001), and butyrate was increased (P < 0.001) by GLU compared with the other CHO. Microbial N flow to the duodenum was decreased (P < 0.05) by NDF compared with the other CHO, and the flow of microbial N formed from ammonia was greater for STA compared with GLU and NDF (P = 0.04 and 0.03, respectively). Urinary N loss was decreased (P = 0.05) by GLU and STA, but overall (feces plus urine) N losses were not affected (P = 0.73) by treatment. Milk urea concentration was lowered by GLU and STA compared with NDF and MIX (P = 0.002). The proportion of bacterial N synthesized from ammonia in the rumen was greater with STA than with NDF and MIX and was least for GLU (P = 0.02). Irreversible ammonia loss and flux were lower (P = 0.09 and 0.02, respectively) for GLU than for STA and NDF. As a percentage of the dose given, cumulative secretion of (15)N ammonia in milk protein was greater for STA than for GLU or NDF (P = 0.01 and 0.001, respectively). This experiment demonstrated that provision of readily fermentable energy can decrease ammonia concentrations in the rumen through decreased ammonia production (GLU), or through enhanced uptake of ammonia for microbial protein synthesis (STA). Rapidly fermentable energy in the rumen decreased ammonia production and flux, but the overall efficiency of ammonia utilization for milk protein synthesis was only increased by enhancing ruminal microbial ammonia uptake.     

Effects of methoxyfenozide and pyridalyl on the larval ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor

Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an ectoparasitoid that is used for inundative biological control of various lepidopteran insect pests. Lethal and sublethal effects of two biorational insecticides, methoxyfenozide and pyridalyl, were evaluated on H. hebetor under laboratory conditions. The adults were exposed to dry insecticide residues that were applied on glass plates. Bioassays showed that the LC₅₀ values of methoxyfenozide and pyridalyl were 155 and 1,226 μg a.i./ml, respectively. The LT₅₀ values of methoxyfenozide and pyridalyl were 2.1 and 3.3 days, respectively. The effects of methoxyfenozide and pyridalyl on larvae were tested using a dip method with field-recommended concentrations of either insecticide. The emergence rates were reduced by 24.4 and 29.3 % for methoxyfenozide and pyridalyl treatments, respectively. In order to assess the sublethal effects of low-lethal concentrations of methoxyfenozide and pyridalyl, adult wasps were exposed to the LC₃₀ concentration of each insecticide, and demographic parameters of live wasps were recorded. Exposure of adults to low-lethal concentrations (LC₃₀) negatively affected the fecundity, fertility, and sex ratio, and also the intrinsic rate of increase (r _m), finite rate of increase (λ), generation time (T), and doubling time (DT). The longevity and net reproductive rate (R ₀) of H. hebetor were not affected by sublethal exposure to these insecticides. The results showed that despite low acute toxicities of both insecticides on larval and adult stages of H. hebetor, they may negatively affect the population of the parasitoid and interfere in IPM programs.     

谷氨酰胺替代饲用抗生素对黄羽肉鸡生产性能和屠宰性能的影响

[目的]研究基础日粮中添加谷氨酰胺替代饲用抗生素对黄羽肉鸡生产性能及屠宰性能的影响.[方法]将180只1日龄的黄羽肉鸡随机分为5个处理组(每个处理组3个重复,每个重复12只).分组情况:阳性对照组在基础日粮中添加饲用抗生素(0.03;那西肽+0.025;硫酸粘杆菌素预混剂);阴性对照组饲喂基础日粮;试验Ⅰ组在基础日粮中添加0.1;谷氨酰胺;试验Ⅱ组在基础日粮中添加0.2;谷氨酰胺;试验Ⅲ组在基础日粮中添加0.3;的谷氨酰胺.[结果]81 d时各组平均体重分别为2.72、2.66、2.62、2.84、2.68 kg,差异不显著(P＞0.05),试验Ⅱ组平均体重比阳性对照组高4.41;.8～81 d料重比分别为2.67、2.66、2.80、2.64、2.62,差异不显著(P＞0.05),日粮中分别添加0.1;谷氨酰胺、0.2;谷氨酰胺及0.3;谷氨酰胺替代饲用抗生素,黄羽肉鸡81 d体重、饲料转化率、胴体品质等指标上各组间无显著差异(P＞0.05).[结论]从黄羽肉鸡81 d体重、料重比、死亡率等指标综合来看,用添加0.2;谷氨酰胺替代黄羽肉鸡饲用抗生素是可行的.     

土壤-作物系统中农药残留生物降解去除研究

采用水稻小区及大田试验方法，研究了将人工分离筛选培养的农药降解菌(DLL—1)应用于水稻作物的田间试验。试验结果表明，将降解菌喷施应用于土壤和作物系统，能加速和强化作物表面残留农药的降解作用，最终能减少土壤和农产品中农药残留量。     

非木材纤维纸浆中杂细胞的沼气发酵

采用L9(34)正交试验法,对影响杂细胞沼气发酵的基质浓度、发酵温度、添加剂三因素进行批量发酵.结果表明,基质浓度对发酵效果影响最大,其次是添加剂.发酵温度对发酵周期影响最大.以产气量和TS去除率为指标,优选出最佳发酵条件是基质浓度6%,中温(35℃)发酵,以碳铵为添加剂.以此为条件,进行60d的续料发酵,结果为,TS去除率达68.64%,原料产气率299.9mL*gTS-1,容积产气率0.3224L*L-1d-1,CH4含量64%,符合沼气发酵供能的要求.     

鞭角华扁叶蜂蛹、卵发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

经试验测定，鞭角华扁叶蜂蛹、卵在室温条件下发育起点温度分别为8．3、8．5℃，有效积温分别为130．9℃、176．1℃；在恒温条件下发育起点温度分别为8．4℃、9．2℃，有效积温分别为127．2℃、164．9℃。